宁夏灵武幅、磁窑堡幅综合地质调查LS01孔冲洗液护壁技术

宁夏灵武幅、磁窑堡幅综合地质调查LS01孔设计深度800 m,钻探过程中钻遇200余米第四系未胶结松散地层,主要有砾石（漂砾）—粗砂—中砂—细砂互层,钻孔护壁难度大,容易发生掉块、塌孔事故,取心困难;进入第三系钻遇清水营组紫红色泥岩,地层造浆且易打滑;进入白垩系宜君组,钻遇365.91 m的破碎砾岩,地层松散破碎,钻进过程易卡钻,回转阻力大,回次进尺少,进尺慢。根据类似钻孔施工资料及地层情况最终采用成膜护壁冲洗液,钻进过程中穿过多层复杂地层,成膜护壁冲洗液在破碎砾岩孔段起到了很好的护壁效果,没有出现掉块、塌孔事故;岩心采取率满足地质设计要求,全孔平均采取率达到95.89%;节约了套管下入深度,终孔深度800 m,终孔口径124.00 mm。     

黄河上游玛曲地区风沙地貌的类型及其分布

 玛曲草原是著名的高原牧场,也是黄河上游重要的水源涵养地,通过卫星影像分析和实地观测数据,对其风沙地貌进行分类,以期为沙化草地治理提供参考。玛曲沙化草地的风沙地貌可分为4级17类。横向沙丘(新月形沙丘)主要分布在河岸和黄河的一级或二级阶地上,单个的新月形沙丘最大高度可达12 m, 64%的新月形沙丘迎风坡走向与当地起沙风向一致。分布在古河道或古三角洲的流动和半流动纵向沙丘(沙垄)高度小于3 m,51%的沙垄走向与当地起沙风向相同。低山上的沙垄和沙片出现在山顶或其阳坡,地形过渡带形成风蚀坎。风蚀洼地与固定和半固定沙地伴生,60%左右的风蚀洼地横切面为不规则椭圆和马蹄形;其深度与长轴呈正比例函数关系。古(现代)沉积物提供了丰富的沙源,大风、冻融、土层的岩性差异、脆弱的植被、人类过渡干扰和微地形促成了玛曲草地沙化和风沙地貌分异。通过对风沙地貌分类、分析,提出了以保护草皮免受破坏,为防止玛曲草地沙化的主要措施。     

Cyclic magma storages and transfers at Piton de La Fournaise volcano (La Réunion hotspot) inferred from deformation and geochemical data

Piton de La Fournaise is in a period of intense volcanic activity since 1998. To constrain the magma dynamics responsible for this activity, we combined GPS ground deformation monitoring interpreted through numerical modelling and geochemistry. Two cycles of continuous volcano inflation are evidenced for the May 2004–December 2005 period, with a rest from March to October 2005. These inflations are consistent with two cycles of compatible major element enrichment in the emitted lavas. Numerical models indicate that the pressurization of a single magma reservoir may be responsible for the observed pre-eruptive inflations of the volcano. The reservoir, located at 2300 m depth, has a radius of  500 m. At the beginning of each cycle, dykes propagate from the roof of the reservoir and yield eruptions of differentiated basalt near the summit. At the end of the cycle, dykes propagate from the eastern sidewall of the reservoir and yield distal eruptions of primitive magmas away from the summit. The volumes of magma emitted during the primitive eruptions seem too large to explain the surface deformations and therefore suggest some refill of the reservoir by deeper magmas. Our results may be used to predict the location and lava volume of future eruptions at Piton de La Fournaise volcano, depending on the timing of these eruptions within a cycle of volcanic activity.     

Mobility of metamorphic fluids inferred from infrared microspectroscopy on natural fluid inclusions: the example of Tinos Island,Greece

OH structure of metamorphic fluids has been studied by high temperature infrared (IR) microspectroscopy on natural fluid inclusions contained in quartz veins, over the temperature range 25–370 °C. Blueschist-facies veins from Tinos island core complex (Cyclades, Greece) display H₂O–NaCl–CaCl₂–CO₂ inclusions whereas greenschist-facies veins contain H₂O–NaCl ± CO₂ inclusions. From 25 to 370 °C, peak positions of OH stretching IR absorption bands increase quasi-linearly with slopes of 0.25 and 0.50 cm^–1 °C^–1 for inclusions trapped under blueschist and greenschist conditions, respectively. Extrapolation to 400 °C yield peak positions of 3,475 cm^–1 for blueschist inclusions and 3,585 cm^–1 for greenschist inclusions. Because the smaller wave number indicates the shorter hydrogen-bond distance between water molecules, fluids involved in the greenschist event have a loose structure compared with blueschist fluids. We suggest that these properties might correspond to a low wetting angle of fluids. This would explain the high mobility of aqueous fluids suggested by structural observation and stable isotope analysis.Editorial responsibility: J. Hoefs     

绳索取心钻进中顶漏钻进工艺实践

2020年,宁夏地质矿产勘查院在宁夏中宁县烟洞山地区实施了50个石灰岩勘查钻孔。由于该矿区灰岩地层裂隙发育,普遍存在严重漏失现象,绝大多数钻孔出现冲洗液失返性漏失,施工初期,发生了2起烧钻事故,钻探成本居高不下。为了完成钻探施工任务和节约成本,项目组从钻孔结构、钻头选型、钻进参数及泵量优化入手,摸索出一套绳索取心钻进中的顶漏钻进施工工艺,采用清水代替冲洗液,同时严格控制各项钻进技术参数,顺利完成了全部钻探施工任务,平均台月效率883 m,平均岩心采取率98%,有效提高了施工效率,降低了钻探成本,为地方发展提供了有力资源保障。     

1949年以来兰州城市资本密度空间变化及其机制

构建了计划经济体制和中国转型期城市资本密度空间分布理论模型,并以兰州市为例进行了实证.利用高精度卫星影象和大规模实地调查方法获取数据,采用GIS手段和数理统计方法,利用建筑高度指标,分区、分行业对兰州城市资本密度空间变化进行了深入研究.同时,采用资本存量增量(或增长率)/建成区面积增量(或增长率)的指标衡量资本角度的城市紧凑化程度,研究了城市紧凑化变动过程.结果表明:①中国计划经济体制下的城市资本空间密度为缓慢波动下降或均衡分布规律,甚至出现上升趋势.转轨期(中国)城市资本空间密度由中心到外围的相应规律则居于两者之间,存在向市场经济空间模型靠近的趋势;②中国城市计划经济体制下的用地空间由中心到外围呈现商务→住宅→工业→农业的模式,而转轨期依然基本保留了此特征;③转轨期的建筑高度提高速度存在加速趋势,住宅、商业、办公等类建筑高度明显高于计划时期,其空间分布模型也更接近市场经济体制模型;④从资本视角审视,中国城市将更加紧凑化,且随时间的推移,城市资本密度空间变化曲线大致存在较为明显的"雁行波动上升式"规律.     

保径导向扩孔钻头的设计及其工程应用

岩心钻探中,在砾石（漂砾）等破碎地层采用常规三翼扩孔钻头扩孔时,常出现憋车和卡钻现象,且扩孔效率低。为此,设计了具有导向和保径功能的扩孔钻头。新设计的扩孔钻头在宁夏灵武一个综合地质孔进行了应用,扩孔效果良好,平均扩孔效率3.5 m/h,形成的新孔眼与原孔眼同轴度高,孔径规则,下套管顺利,对第四系破碎地层进行了有效分隔,保障了后续取心钻进和物探测井的顺利进行。     

Earthquakes produce carbon dioxide in crustal faults

Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) microanalysis of pseudotachylytes (i.e. friction-induced melts produced by seismic slip) from the Nojima fault (Japan) reveals that earthquakes almost instantaneously expel 99 wt.% of the wall rock CO₂ content. Carbon is exsolved because it is supersaturated in the friction melts. By extrapolation to a crustal-scale fault rupture, large events such as the M7.2 Kobe earthquake (1995) may yield a total production of 1.8 to 3.4 × 10³ tons CO₂ within a few seconds. This extraordinary release of CO₂ can cause a flash fluid pressure increase in the fault plane, and therefore enhance earthquake slip or trigger aftershocks; it may also explain the anomalous discharge of carbon monitored in nearby fault springs after large earthquakes. Because carbon saturation in silicate melts is pressure-dependent, FTIR can be used as a new tool to constrain the maximum depth of pseudotachylyte formation in exhumed faults.     

宁夏宁东地区废弃冲洗液无害化处理技术初步研究

宁夏宁东地区作为国家级能源基地,近年来布置和实施了大量的岩心钻探工程,产生的废弃冲洗液数量大,由于废弃冲洗液处理方式比较单一,对周边环境有一定的破坏和影响。通过对宁东地区废弃冲洗液处理方式的调查研究,选择固化法对废弃冲洗液进行了处理,产生的污水和固化体满足国家相关排放标准,形成了一套适合类似地区废弃冲洗液处理方法,有助于保护宁东地区脆弱的生态环境。