第十五届国际矿物学大会(IMA 1990)在北京胜利召开

经过几年紧张的准备,由中国地质学会、中国矿物岩石地球化学学会和中国地质科学院主办的第十五届国际矿物学大会于1990年6月28日至7月3日在北京隆重召开。大会开幕式在北京人民大会堂举行,国务院总理李鹏到会讲话,国务委员兼国家科委主任宋健出席,地矿部部长朱训主持开幕式。国际矿物学协会主席P.J.Wyllie教授在开幕式上     

A combinatorial optimization scheme for parameter structure identification in ground water modeling

This research develops a methodology for parameter structure identification in ground water modeling. For a given set of observations, parameter structure identification seeks to identify the parameter dimension, its corresponding parameter pattern and values. Voronoi tessellation is used to parameterize the unknown distributed parameter into a number of zones. Accordingly, the parameter structure identification problem is equivalent to finding the number and locations as well as the values of the basis points associated with the Voronoi tessellation. A genetic algorithm (GA) is allied with a grid search method and a quasi-Newton algorithm to solve the inverse problem. GA is first used to search for the near-optimal parameter pattern and values. Next, a grid search method and a quasi-Newton algorithm iteratively improve the GA's estimates. Sensitivities of state variables to parameters are calculated by the sensitivity-equation method. MODFLOW and MT3DMS are employed to solve the coupled flow and transport model as well as the derived sensitivity equations. The optimal parameter dimension is determined using criteria based on parameter uncertainty and parameter structure discrimination. Numerical experiments are conducted to demonstrate the proposed methodology, in which the true transmissivity field is characterized by either a continuous distribution or a distribution that can be characterized by zones. We conclude that the optimized transmissivity zones capture the trend and distribution of the true transmissivity field.     

Multiple parameterization for hydraulic conductivity identification

Hydraulic conductivity identification remains a challenging inverse problem in ground water modeling because of the inherent nonuniqueness and lack of flexibility in parameterization methods. This study introduces maximum weighted log-likelihood estimation (MWLLE) along with multiple generalized parameterization (GP) methods to identify hydraulic conductivity and to address nonuniqueness and inflexibility problems in parameterization. A scaling factor for information criteria is suggested to obtain reasonable weights of parameterization methods for the MWLLE and model averaging method. The scaling factor is a statistical parameter relating to a desired significance level in Occam's window and the variance of the chi-squares distribution of the fitting error. Through model averaging with multiple GP methods, the conditional estimate of hydraulic conductivity and its total conditional covariances are calculated. A numerical example illustrates the issue arising from Occam's window in estimating model weights and shows the usefulness of the scaling factor to obtain reasonable model weights. Moreover, the numerical example demonstrates the advantage of using multiple GP methods over the zonation and interpolation methods because GP provides better models in the model averaging method. The methodology is applied to the Alamitos Gap area, California, to identify the hydraulic conductivity field. The results show that the use of the scaling factor is necessary in order to incorporate good parameterization methods and to avoid a dominant parameterization method.     

运用碳稳定同位素进行底栖生物组合环境古盐度的比较研究

从葡萄牙卢西塔尼亚盆地侏罗纪生物底栖组合的化石中选取了５４件样品用作碳稳定同位素成分测试，分析其古盐度。按这种方法所恢复的古盐度数据和按底栖组合分析所得到的古盐度能够较好地吻合，由此可作下列结论：（１）尽管化石壳体的原始稳定同位素值可能会受到成岩作用、生物效应、温度差异等因素的影响，但碳稳定同位素值与氧同位素值相比，其重结晶作用产生的成岩影响很小，生物效应却是非常明显地表现于双壳类壳顶区和壳缘的碳同位素值的差异。（２）碳同位素的古盐度表明，葡萄牙卢酉塔尼亚盆地在侏罗纪时曾是一半咸水海湾，其水体含盐度低于２４‰。，所以生物组合中以机会种和半咸水地方性种占优势。（３）机会种分布于中盐至高半咸水的盐区域，而大部分地方性半咸水种局限于中盐度域．（４）卢西塔尼亚盆地晚侏罗世的牡蛎类生存于真盐和高半成水域，定量的盐度研究可能提供牡蛎类自中生代以来对盐度的适应演化。（５）卢西塔尼亚盆地晚侏罗世双壳类虽然属于半咸水属种，但仍然具有厚壳体大的特征。