Constraints influencing stakeholder participation in collective environmental management

Stakeholder participation is crucial for collective environmental management. This article unearths factors that influence stakeholder involvement, with emphasis on their associated origins. The management of a drainage canal in Map Ta Phut industrial estate, Thailand, was studied. Seven types of constraints were identified, namely: (a) distrust, generated from the lack of neutrality; sanction; sincerity; evidence of improvement; and denialism, (b) delay and slowness, created by characteristics of governmental procedures; geographically divided responsibility; the lack of willingness to participate; ineffective communication; limited budget; and misunderstandings, (c) information sharing in inappropriate manners, (d) an entrenched position originating from an allegation, past conflicts, and reminiscence, (e) unfairness and envy emerging from uneven distribution of benefits and inadequate infrastructure, (f) relationship abuse and fear of reprisals, and (g) community spoilage. Avoiding actions that create distrust, promoting activities that strengthen the relationship, sharing not only positive but also controversial information, understanding limitations of other stakeholders, being open-minded and forgiving, and self-evaluation and self-correction are ways to sustain successful stakeholder participation.     

Darriwilian (Middle Ordovician) graptolite faunas of the Sandia Region,southern Peru

Ordovician graptolite faunas of Peru are restricted to a short interval in the Middle to basal Upper Ordovician, found in three regions of the country. All Peruvian graptolite faunas are strongly dominated by shallow water elements of the Atlantic Faunal Realm, represented largely by Didymograptus s. str. and Aulograptus, but a number of faunal elements of the pandemic isograptid biofacies have recently been discovered in the Sandia Region of SE Peru. Peruvian graptolite faunas are reviewed and the new records from the Sandia Region are discussed in detail. The faunas from the Purumpata and Iparo members of the San José Formation range in age approximately from the Undulograptus austrodentatus Biozone to the Holmograptus lentus Biozone (early to middle Darriwilian). The faunas provide a better understanding of faunal composition and diversity in this region and help to correlate shallow water and deeper water graptolite faunas from this time interval. Biserial graptolites are rare in most samples and usually indeterminable, but a single identifiable specimen of Undulograptus austrodentatus was found, indicating a level close to the base of the Darriwilian. A number of specimens of the genera Isograptus and Arienigraptus from the Sandia Region represent pandemic graptolite faunas of the isograptid biofacies, described for the first time from this region. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.