Formation mechanism and evolution process of the Chada rock avalanche in Southeast Tibet,China

The Chada rock avalanche is a prehistoric high-elevation giant rock landslide located in the Boshula Mountains, Lhorong County, Southeast Tibet. It is composed of conglomerates with a volume of 6.62?×?10⁶ m³ and has a height difference of 1450 m and a transport distance of 3155 m. The accumulational landform shows characteristics indicating rock avalanches. With a unique red conglomerate as the marker of landslide movement, we combined the results of geological surveys, aerial surveys, and engineering geological drilling to determine the entrainment and geomorphic features of the rock avalanche. The rock avalanche was divided into the main scarp, entrainment zone (residual deposit, mixed deposit, and impact fragmentation areas), transport zone (compressed, local landslide, and longitudinal ridge areas), and deposit zone. The sequence of deposits in the valley indicates that the rock avalanche formed before the first-stage terrace and after the second-stage terrace. Combined with 3D numerical simulation, four movement stages were obtained: (1) the rock mass was broken and disintegrated due to progressive failure, initiating high-speed sliding; (2) the sliding mass scraped the thick previous slope material and formed oblique ridges by forward extrusion and lateral friction; (3) the 4.95?×?10⁶ m³ sliding mass was compressed and decelerated to form bending ridges, and the 1.67?×?10⁶ m³ sliding mass continued to move through the channel; and (4) the sliding mass extended to form longitudinal ridges in the channel and hummocks in the valley. The rock avalanche accelerated three times and decelerated three times during its motion.

     

水平定向钻穿越施工钻井液压力分析

孔壁稳定是水平定向钻进铺管成败的关键。影响孔壁稳定的主要因素是钻井液压力及其性能。通过对水平孔中钻井液和地层压力平衡机理以及孔壁周围应力位移的分析,结合摩尔强度准则得出了孔壁稳定时钻井液的允许压力区间公式,并对该区间进行修正得出了地层不单一以及地下水存在情况下的钻井液允许压力区间公式。通过对公式的计算分析得出孔壁稳定的钻井液允许压力区间的宽度随孔深的增加而扩大。