On hyperelasticity for clays

Under purely elastic conditions a constitutive model for clays should be conservative. This can be achieved by using a hyperelastic stress–strain relation derived from an elastic potential. To circumvent problems connected with formulation of a suitable potential a simple concept of back-stress elasticity is proposed. Several elastic models are critically reviewed, two of which had been originally incorrectly classified as hyperelastic. A novel elastic potential which can be used to generate various hyperelastic models is proposed. Its salient feature is that the resulting stiffness is a homogeneous function of order 1 with respect to stress. An example of Mathematica calculation with tensorial differentiation is enclosed (Wolfram S. Mathematica. A system for doing mathematics by computer. Addison-Wesley Publishing, 1988). ©     

Manufaktura in Łódź, Poland: An example of a festival marketplace

The main aim of the article is to describe the phenomenon of the festival marketplace using the example of Manufaktura in ?ód?, which is a post-socialist Polish city. The article presents the concept, the development of large shopping centres, and the main socio-economic and spatial urban transformations that accompanied the creation of Manufaktura. The research methods included analysis of Internet and statistical data, participant observation, one in-depth interview, and a large number of semi-structured interviews. The results of the study confirm that Manufaktura – a large arts centre, shopping mall, and leisure complex built in the revitalized part of a former textile factory – represents most of the festival marketplace features. Additionally, revitalization reflects urban transformation processes in post-socialist cities, such as functional transformation, deindustrialization, internationalization of trade, privatization, or changes in consumer behaviour. The author concludes that Manufaktura is now an important part of the revitalized urban geographical space in ?ód?. It performs essential urban functions, not only commercial but also cultural and tourism-related.     

Refinement of the Hardening Soil model within the small strain range

Acta Geotechnica - The popularity of the elasto-plastic Hardening Soil (HS) model is based on simple parameter identification from standard testing and empirical formulas. The HS model is...     

Festivals as a subject for geographical research

Festivals are an increasingly common phenomenon. They strongly influence geographical space, and so are studied in depth by geographers. The author shows that festivals are a subject for research in different geographical sub-disciplines. The author also defines the research paradigm of the geography of festivals as a part of human geography. He also establishes the main aspects of festival research in geography: cultural, social, economic and time–space analysis, political, historical, general and theoretical. Finally, he suggests future directions in geographical research on festivals.     

Monuments and their functions in urban public space

ABSTRACT

The aim of the article is to present and discuss functions of public monuments in relation to different dimensions of geographical space. The authors discuss public spaces, monuments, public art, based on a mixed-method approach and an analysis of scientific literature as the main research method. The theoretical discussion is supplemented with the results of Internet searches and an analysis of media supplements, and specific examples are given, including some from Poland. An additional method was autoethnography, which involved an analysis of cultural phenomena based on the authors’ experience. The analysis revealed that monuments were part of public art and thus enriched public spaces in cities. They fulfilled different important functions: artistic, symbolic, commemorative, political, social, religious, marketing, and mixed. Additionally, the monuments reflected the contemporary transformation of ideas and social orders and therefore also reflected contemporary urban debates. They were products of social relations, powers, ideas, identities, and the collective memory reflected in the urban spatial structure of cities. The authors conclude that the examples presented in the demonstrate that monuments perform various functions in urban public spaces. From a spatial perspective, the role of monuments depends on their different impacts on people’s perceptions and interpretations of space.