基于突变理论深埋硬岩隧道的失稳分析

在分析隧道开挖引起围岩扰动和损伤的基础上,运用突变理论探讨了深埋硬岩隧道失稳的机理;基于势能原理,建立了深埋硬岩隧道失稳的尖点突变模型,导出了失稳的力学判据条件。结果表明:深埋硬岩隧道的失稳不仅受岩体特性及所受载荷的影响,而且与围岩中弹性区刚度和塑性区刚度的比值有关;开挖过程中,围岩受扰动和损伤程度越大,岩体完整性系数越小,力学参数指标弱化程度越高,塑性区范围越大,刚度比越小,围岩系统发生失稳的可能性就越大。工程实例分析表明,分析结果与实际经验基本一致;研究成果可为预防隧道失稳、采取合理的施工工艺和支护措施提供参考依据。     

复杂线-线对象的拓扑关系描述与计算方法

空间拓扑关系是GIS中空间查询和分析的基础。针对当前空间拓扑关系模型在表达较复杂对象间拓扑关系存在局限性的突出问题,以线对象为实例,根据点集拓扑理论,重新定义和区分线对象的复杂性;以9I模型为基础,提出一种适合二维复杂线对象的拓扑关系的线性序列描述模型,将复杂线-线的拓扑关系表示成基本拓扑关系的组合。分析不同情形下线之间拓扑关系不同的计算方法。为实现复杂线-线拓扑关系的计算,提高扫描线算法的效率,探讨包络矩形粗滤、线节点重合或共线的斜率坐标判断法等改进方法,提出判断线-线是否相交的矢量叉乘法,具有快速高效的特点。最后,通过实验系统导入线坐标串,进行图形绘制、拓扑关系计算并输出结果,从而验证该模型和算法的可行性。     

煤矸石的危害与防治

山东省煤炭资源丰富,开采历史悠久,在数10年的开采过程中,引发了诸多环境地质问题,煤矸石危害是其中之一.境内各煤矿矸石堆存量达6651万m3,占地37900hm2.侵占大量耕地、林地、居民地和工矿用地,破坏地质地貌景观.矸石堆单体过大,形成矸石山,已引发渣石流和坍塌事故.1980年以来,因此致死19人,伤多人.浸溶试验结果表明,矸石淋滤液中SO42-、F-、Mo、Se、总硬度、pH等成份或指标偏高,甚至超过<地面水环境质量标准>(GB3838-88)中的Ⅲ类水标准,局部已对水环境构成污染.煤矸石有害可溶物因地质条件、浸泡时间、堆放时间不同而变化,风化、侵蚀可导致有害可溶物的增加.莱芜煤田矸石堆附近土壤中的硫、氟、汞等成份比对照点偏高,但低于山东省土壤成份背景值.对莱芜煤田煤矸石抽样监测,其放射性低于国家<放射性防护规定>(GBJ8-74)的标准.矸石堆露天堆放过程中,粉尘及自燃产生的气体,污染大气环境.淄博矿区岭子煤矿矸石堆附近因此形成酸雨."以防为主,综合利用"是矸石危害防治的原则,煤矸石中含有煤粉、黄铁矿、高岭石等,检选这些有用矿产,具有可观的经济效益,同时可防止矸石自燃和淋滤液污染,文中对其反应过程做了分析.     

Effects of spectral composition,photoperiod and light intensity on the gonadal development of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar in recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS)

Artificial lighting regimes have been successfully used to inhibit sexual maturity of Atlantic salmon in confinement.However,when these operations are applied in commercial recirculating aquaculture systems(RAS) using standard lighting technology,sexual maturation is not suppressed.In this study,an L_9(3~3) orthogonal design was used to determine the effects of three factors(spectral composition,photoperiod,and light intensity) on the gonadal development of Atlantic salmon in RAS.We demonstrated that the photoperiod at the tested levels had a much greater effect on the gonadosomatic index and female Fulton condition factor than spectral composition and light intensity.The photoperiod had a significant effect on the secretion of sex steroids and melatonin(P0.05),and a short photoperiod delayed sex steroid and melatonin level increases.The three test factors had no significant effects on the survival rate,specific growth rate,relative weight gain,and male Fulton condition factor(P0.05).The optimum lighting levels in female and male Atlantic salmon were LD 8:16,455 nm(or 625 nm),8.60 W/m~2;and LD 8:16,8.60 W/m~2,455 nm respectively.These conditions not only delayed gonadal development,but also had no negative effects on Atlantic salmon growth in RAS.These results demonstrate that a combination of spectral composition,photoperiod and light intensity is effective at delaying the gonadal development of both male and female salmon in RAS.     

Energy flux partitioning and evapotranspiration in a sub‐alpine spruce forest ecosystem

In this study, we examined the year 2011 characteristics of energy flux partitioning and evapotranspiration of a sub‐alpine spruce forest underlain by permafrost on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau (QPT). Energy balance closure on a half‐hourly basis was H + λE = 0.81 × (R_n ? G ? S) + 3.48 (W m^?2) (r² = 0.83, n = 14938), where H, λE, R_n, G and S are the sensible heat, latent heat, net radiation, soil heat and air‐column heat storage fluxes, respectively. Maximum H was higher than maximum λE, and H dominated the energy budget at midday during the whole year, even in summer time. However, the rainfall events significantly affected energy flux partitioning and evapotranspiration. The mean value of evaporative fraction (Λ = λE/(λE + H)) during the growth period on zero precipitation days and non‐zero precipitation days was 0.40 and 0.61, respectively. The mean daily evapotranspiration of this sub‐alpine forest during summer time was 2.56 mm day^?1. The annual evapotranspiration and sublimation was 417 ± 8 mm year^?1, which was very similar to the annual precipitation of 428 mm. Sublimation accounted for 7.1% (30 ± 2 mm year^?1) of annual evapotranspiration and sublimation, indicating that the sublimation is not negligible in the annual water balance in sub‐alpine forests on the QPT. The low values of the Priestley–Taylor coefficient (α) and the very low value of the decoupling coefficient (Ω) during most of the growing season suggested low soil water content and conservative water loss in this sub‐alpine forest. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

我国台风路径突变研究进展

台风路径突变包括其移动方向和移动速度的显著变化,是当今台风路径预报的难题。突变路径预报的巨大误差常导致台风防御失败,这与其机理认识不足等原因有关。本文回顾了我国关于台风突变路径的研究成果和最新进展。从台风与多尺度环流系统相互作用、台风内部动力机制以及下垫面状况等方面,总结了关于台风路径突变的主要环境影响因子、物理过程和动热力结构特征等方面的认识,对台风路径突变的发生概率、预报技术和存在问题进行阐述,并提出关于路径突变研究需要关注的一些问题。     

Study on Holocene Paleoearthquakes in Xizhang Trench on the Jiaocheng Fault Zone,Shanxi Province

Xizhang trench is located 10 km northwest of Taiyuan city, Shanxi Province, in front of a NNW-trending scarp of 4.6m height on the northern segment of the Jiaocheng fault zone. The dimensions of the trench are 108m in length, 8m in width, and 10m in depth. There are 18 horizons revealed in the trench. The upper strata are sandy loam; the upper strata of the downthrown block of the fault are gravels, the lower ones are an interbed of brown loam and sandy loam. The strata on the upthrown block of the fault are sandy loam containing gravel. The trench shows 3 fault planes, and the upper offset point on the fault plane is 1.5m below the ground surface, the newest dislocated stratum is （3.74±0.06） ka BP. The trench reveals a lot of deformation traces, such as fault planes, dislocated strata, colluvial wedges and formation tilting. The relationship between strata and faults in the trench shows that 3 paleoearthquake events have occurred at the Jiaocheng fault zone since the Early Holocene, they are about （3.74±0.06）- （3.06±0.26）ka BP, （8.35±0.09）ka- （3.74±0.06）ka BP, and（ 10.66±0.85） - （8.35±0.09）ka BP. The average interval among the events is 2.6 - 3.6ka. The minimum coseismic vertical displacements of the 3 events are 3.0m, 2.5m and 3.2m, respectively. The significance of Xizhang trench is that the Jiaocheng fault used to be active thousands of years ago, though there is no M ≥ 7.0 earthquake recorded in historical documents. Evidence of new Jiaocheng fault zone activity during the Holocene is important for the earthquake safety assessment of Taiynan city in the future.     

稻田生态系统服务价值测算方法与应用——以苏州市域为例

对稻田资源的生态服务价值重视不足是稻田保护工作的最大缺陷,导致了稻田资源流失严重。本文以苏州市水稻田为例,运用造林成本法、瑞典碳税法、制氧工业成本法、替代成本法、影子工程法、当量因子法等方法对稻田生态系统各项服务价值进行了测算。结果表明,苏州市域稻田生态系统服务净总价值量为60785.18×10⁵元,单位面积净价值量为73111.84 元/hm²。其中,正面总价值量为68485.93×10⁵元,环境效应负总价值量为7700.75×10⁵元,前者为后者的8.89 倍。从稻田生态系统服务价值各部分的比例看,其实物生产价值远远低于其生态经济价值,表明了作为人工湿地生态系统,稻田生态服务价值对社会经济的可持续发展具有十分重要的作用。研究结果将有助于确定稻田保护经济补偿标准,为各级政府出台相关政策提供思路和依据     

基于SWAT和遥感方法的黄土台塬区土壤水库均衡——以甘肃省陇东黄土董志塬为例

以甘肃省陇东黄土董志塬为研究区,采用SWAT模型和遥感方法,就黄土台塬区地下水库均衡进行综合研究. 结果表明：黄土台塬区土壤水分负均衡常出现在5、6月份,该期水分亏缺不利于植被的健康稳定生长,是灌溉调节的主要时段. 1981-2010年间,气温升高使陆表蒸散需求增加,降水减少使土壤水库补给减少,二者共同导致台塬区土壤水库负衡态势的加重. 气候变化背景下,积极寻求外调水源是解决黄土台塬区水资源短缺问题的重要手段.     

罗云山山前断裂带阶地调查研究及其构造意义

Located at the west of the Linfen basin, the Luoyunshan piedmont fault zone controls the western boundary of the basin. According to the measurements of the terraces in eight gullies along the Luoyunshan fault zone, five levels of terraces, namely T1～T5 have developed in these gullies. The heights of terraces T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5 are about 3m, 8～10m, about 20m, about 30m and 40～50m, respectively. The dating data of the terraces and investigation of the faulted landforms show that the Luoyunshan fault zone has experienced much activity since the Late Quaternary. The uplift rate of the terraces was 0.41mm/a since the Middle-Late Pleistocene, and 0.75mm/a since the Holocene. The increasing trend of uplift rate of the terraces along the Luoyunshan fault zone from the Middle-Late Pleistocene to Holocene indicates the tendency of gradual tectonic uplift of the fault zone since the late Quaternary. This is in good agreement with the increasing trend of subsidence rate of the Linfen basin from the Late Pleistocene to Holocene.