Late veins of C3 carbonatite intrusion from Jacupiranga complex (Southern Brazil): fluid and melt inclusions and mineralogy

At Jacupiranga (Brazil) the latest manifestations of C3 carbonatite are veins and impregnations of s?vite composition containing carbonates, Fe-oxides, apatite, phlogopite, olivine, clinohumite, pyrochlore, zirconolite. Apatite contains fluid inclusions l.s. of two types: (i) two-phase fluid inclusions of complex composition (H₂O±CO₂±NaCl±KCl±NaHCO₃) with 17–50?vol.% of gas bubble, (ii) multi-phase melt inclusions of two types, carbonate-H₂O rich and silicate-carbonate-H₂O rich with very high homogenization temperatures up to 584°C and up to 1194°C, respectively. The coeval origin of fluid and melt inclusions allows to calculate the trapping pressures which indicate approximate depths of 30 to 60?km for the origin of the veins. Carbonatite veins contain Ba-poor tetra-ferriphlogopite of extreme composition which extends the compositional trend of the micas of Jacupiranga. The occurrence of zirconolite, Nb-rich pyrochlore and Ta-rich U-pyrochlore is mutually exclusive and related, probably, to the variation of fluorine content in the magmatic fluids.     

Comparing methods for determining landslide early warning thresholds: potential use of non-triggering rainfall for locations with scarce landslide data availability

Landslides - Rainfall intensity-duration landslide-triggering thresholds have become widespread for the development of landslide early warning systems. Thresholds can be in principle determined...