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1.
Measurements are described of the geometry of ripples formed on beds of sand exposed to a steady current at right angles to an oscillatory flow. Four different sands were studied. The oscillation was produced by an oscillating tray set into the bed of a steady-flow flume. It was observed that straight-crested ripples formed by oscillatory flow would usually develop a ‘serpentine’ form when the superimposed steady current exceeded a certain limit. For amplitudes of the tray velocity U∞ less than about 0.38 m s-1 this limit corresponded to U∞/ū*c>31, where ū*c is the shear velocity measured just upstream of the oscillating tray. It is suggested that the serpentine form is caused by the interaction of vortices carried back and forth between adjacent ripples. On this assumption, the wavelength of the serpentine form would be proportional to the product of period of oscillation and near-bed steady current velocity. The present measurements appear to support this hypothesis although there is also evidence that the wavelength is influenced by preferred spacing patterns between vortices. The measurements also show the ratio of the amplitude of the serpentine form to its wavelength to be approximately constant. Empirical relationships are derived relating ripple geometry to flow and sediment properties. It is observed that the influence of Reynolds number and sediment properties on the geometry is very weak. It is suggested that this is typical of ripples formed with relatively low sediment transport rates. It is also found that, under the present experimental conditions, the ripple spacing in the direction of oscillation is almost independent of the magnitude of the steady current and in close agreement with the wavelengths previously measured in an oscillating water tunnel. This suggests that the additional inertia effects associated with oscillating tray rigs were not sufficient to affect bed geometry under the present test conditions. 相似文献
2.
There are numerous modeling techniques commonly employed for the computer simulation of seismic wave propagation. The capabilities of these techniques vary according to the theoretical foundations and subsequent approximations upon which the algorithms are based. This paper constitutes a comparative review of seven modeling methods: geometric ray theory, asymptotic ray theory, generalized ray theory, Kirchhoff wave theory, Fourier synthesis, finite differences, and finite elements. These methods can be categorized as ray or wave, acoustic or elastic, and can be contrasted according to their relative abilities to simulate such behavior as wave interference effects, diffractions, and mode conversions. As is implied by their names, geometric ray theory and asymptotic ray theory are both ray methods. The other five methods provide wave theory simulations. Geometric ray theory and Kirchhoff wave theory are normally implemented in acoustic form, while the other methods are readily adapted for computing elastic theory solutions. Generalized ray theory and Fourier synthesis are more limited in the complexity of geological model they can accommodate than are the other techniques. The methods which typically demand the greatest computer resources are the finite-difference and the finite-element techniques. All methods can incorporate at least some multiple events. Diffractions, however, are only inherent in the solutions computed by Kirchhoff wave theory, finite differences and finite elements. Attenuation is readily incorporated in both the Fourier synthesis and the finite-element methods. As an example of the application of seismic modeling, a geological model representative of a typical petroleum exploration target is used to compare vertical seismic profiles calculated by different modeling methods. 相似文献
3.
In the Museum of the Geological Survey only a single complete speci-men of a fossil egg of Struthio is exhibited.This specimen came from Ssushui(汜水) and it was described briefly by J.G.Andersson in his "Essays on theCenozoic of Northern China."~1 The othe 相似文献
4.
Bordered by the Chungtiaoshan (中條山) on the North and the Tsinling (秦嶺) on the South, the area between Loyang and Sian, where the Huangho River hits and follows the old Weiho valley has been known for a long time to be specially rich in Cenozoic formations of different ages. These deposits are 相似文献
5.
The presence of Dicynodontia in Sinkiang was first made manifest by the beautiful skull described in the same number of the Bulletin, (see above 563) as Dicynodon sinkianensis sp. nov. Recently, a second skull also collected by 相似文献
6.
C. C. YOUNG 《地质学报》1942,(Z2):304-322
正 During the late spring of 1941, Messrs. M. N. Bien, T. H. Mi and the present writer were fortunate enough to discover several localities of vertebrate fossils. The geological condition will be reported in another paper' and need not be repeated there. Most of the fossils were derived from the hill 相似文献
7.
Abstract The data-based mechanistic (DBM) modelling methodology is applied to the study of reservoir sedimentation. A lumped-parameter, discrete-time model has been developed which directly relates rainfall to suspended sediment load (SSL) at the reservoir outflow from the two years of measured data at Wyresdale Park Reservoir (Lancashire, UK). This nonlinear DBM model comprises two components: a rainfall to SSL model and a second model, relating the SSL at the reservoir inflow to the SSL at the reservoir spillway. Using a daily measured rainfall series as the input, this model is used to reconstruct daily deposition rates between 1911 and 1996. This synthetic sediment accretion sequence is compared with the variations in sand content within sediment cores collected from the reservoir floor. These profiles show good general agreement, reflecting the importance of low reoccurrence, high magnitude events. This preliminary study highlights the potential of this DBM approach, which could be readily applied to other sites. 相似文献
8.
Sophie GODIN-BEEKMANN Irina PETROPAVLOSKIKH Stefan REIS Paul NEWMAN Wolfgang STEINBRECHT Markus REX Michelle L. SANTEE Richard S. ECKMAN Xiangdong ZHENG Matthew B. TULLY David S. STEVENSON Paul YOUNG John PYLE Mark WEBER Johanna TAMMINEN Gina MILLS Alkis F. BAIS Clare HEAVISIDE Christos ZEREFOS 《大气科学进展》2017,34(3):283-288
<正>1.Overview The 2016 Quadrennial Ozone Symposium(QOS-2016)was held on 4–9 September 2016 in Edinburgh,UK.The Symposium was organized by the International Ozone Commission(IO3C),the NERC Centre for EcologyHydrology and the University of Edinburgh,and was co-sponsored by the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics,the International Association of Meteorology and Atmospheric 相似文献
9.
RAYMOND YOUNG ADAM WALANUS TOMASZ GOSLAR 《Boreas: An International Journal of Quaternary Research》2000,29(3):251-260
The annually laminated, or varved, sediments of Lake Gościź, Poland, cover the last c. 12900 years, from Late Allerød up to the present. We have analysed the thickness of 1912 varves in this time-series by means of auto-correlation analysis, in the hope of obtaining information on patterns in past climate, for example patterns of 11 years, which might indicate a relation with solar activity. We analysed the total varve thickness and the thickness of the summer and the winter layer. Two single-bootstrap experiments confirmed the validity of the methods in general, but they indicated that the moving-window technique with overlapping windows hampered the assessment of statistical significance. Three global significance assessment procedures, taking into account the total number of auto-correlation coefficients (ACs) that is tested, showed significance of the ACs only at a lag of one year and only for the winter layer and the total varve. This auto-correlation with the preceding year may be explained by a factor internal to the lake, for instance some depositional mechanism. We found no indication of a relation between varve formation and the sun-spot cycle. 相似文献
10.