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1.
Assessment of alternative adsorption models and global sensitivity analysis to characterize hexavalent chromium loss from soil to surface runoff 下载免费PDF全文
We investigate our ability to assess transfer of hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), from the soil to surface runoff by considering the effect of coupling diverse adsorption models with a two‐layer solute transfer model. Our analyses are grounded on a set of two experiments associated with soils characterized by diverse particle size distributions. Our study is motivated by the observation that Cr(VI) is receiving much attention for the assessment of environmental risks due to its high solubility, mobility, and toxicological significance. Adsorption of Cr(VI) is considered to be at equilibrium in the mixing layer under our experimental conditions. Four adsorption models, that is, the Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, and linear models, constitute our set of alternative (competing) mathematical formulations. Experimental results reveal that the soil samples characterized by the finest grain sizes are associated with the highest release of Cr(VI) to runoff. We compare the relative abilities of the four models to interpret experimental results through maximum likelihood model calibration and four model identification criteria (i.e., the Akaike information criteria [AIC and AICC] and the Bayesian and Kashyap information criteria). Our study results enable us to rank the tested models on the basis of a set of posterior weights assigned to each of them. A classical variance‐based global sensitivity analysis is then performed to assess the relative importance of the uncertain parameters associated with each of the models considered, within subregions of the parameter space. In this context, the modelling strategy resulting from coupling the Langmuir isotherm with a two‐layer solute transfer model is then evaluated as the most skilful for the overall interpretation of both sets of experiments. Our results document that (a) the depth of the mixing layer is the most influential factor for all models tested, with the exception of the Freundlich isotherm, and (b) the total sensitivity of the adsorption parameters varies in time, with a trend to increase as time progresses for all of the models. These results suggest that adsorption has a significant effect on the uncertainty associated with the release of Cr(VI) from the soil to the surface runoff component. 相似文献
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3.
Li-Sr-Nd isotope signatures of the plume and cratonic lithospheric mantle beneath the margin of the rifted Tanzanian craton (Labait) 总被引:3,自引:2,他引:1
Sonja Aulbach Roberta L. Rudnick William F. McDonough 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》2008,155(1):79-92
Lithium concentrations and isotopic compositions of olivine and 87Sr/86Sr and 143Nd/144Nd of coexisting clinopyroxene from peridotite xenoliths from the Quaternary Labait volcano, Tanzania, document the influence
of rift-related metasomatism on the ancient cratonic mantle. Olivines show negative correlations between Fo content and both
δ7Li and Li concentrations. Olivines in iron-rich peridotites (Fo85–87) have high Li concentrations (3.2–4.8 ppm) and heavy δ7Li (+5.2 to +6.6). In contrast, olivines in ancient, refractory peridotites have lower Li concentrations (∼2 ppm) and relatively
light δ7Li (+2.6 to +3.5). This reflects mixing between ancient, refractory cratonic lithosphere and asthenosphere-derived rift magmas.
A uniquely fertile, deformed, high-temperature garnet lherzolite, interpreted to be from the base of the lithosphere, has
a 87Sr/86Sr of 0.7029 and 143Nd/144Nd of 0.51286, similar to HIMU oceanic basalts. It provides the best estimate of the Sr–Nd isotope composition of the upwelling
mantle (i.e., plume, sensu lato) underlying this portion of the East African Rift, and is slightly less radiogenic compared
to previous estimates of the plume that were based on rift basalts. Although elevated δ7Li are not exclusive to HIMU source regions, the data collectively indicate that the plume beneath Labait has HIMU characteristics
in Sr, Nd and Li isotope composition.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献
4.
G. R. Huguenin A. E. Lilley W. H. McDonough M. D. Papagiannis 《Planetary and Space Science》1964,12(12):1157-1167
Radio noise observations at frequencies of 0·700 Mc and 2·200 Mc were made at altitudes between 3000 and 11,000 km from a Blue Scout Jr. high-altitude rocket probe on 30 July 1963. A steady background flux of (7·5−3+6) × 10−19 W m−2)(c/s)−1 at 0·700 Mc and (1·8+1.0−0.5 × 10−19 W m−2 (c/s)−1 at 2·200 Mc was observed. Assuming a galactic origin of the observed fluxes at both frequencies, the averaged sky brightnesses are b(0·700 Mc) = (6−3+5) × 10−20 W m−2 (c/s)−1 sr−1b(2·200 Mc) = (1.4+1.0−0.5 × 10−20 W m−2 (c/s)−1 sr−1 The observed brightness at 2·200 Mc is in reasonable agreement with the results of other observers. The apparent brightness at 0·700 Mc is, however, greater than was expected from previous observations. An alternative source of the 0·700 Mc flux in the terrestrial exosphere, as well as characteristics of several noise bursts observed during the flight, is briefly discussed. 相似文献
5.
采用表征岩体渗透性的单位吸水量ω为参数,有效地分析了砂泥岩裂隙岩体中相对埋深和岩性对渗透性空间分布规律的影响.研究区内,在不同深度单位吸水量的最大值和最小值相差3-4个数量级,渗透性表现出显著的随机特征.通过将压水试验数据离散化并在不同深度上取logω的平均值,凸现了渗透性的结构特征.ω均值在一定范围内随相对深度表现出负指数分布规律;剔除logω的线性趋势项后,logω残差表现出与地层内部岩性相对应的规律.此外,研究还发现,渗透性参数随相对深度呈负指数分布规律是由含裂隙的砂岩介质引起的.这些规律为裂隙岩体的渗流计算和模拟奠定了基础.文章所提出的对压水试验数据离散化并在不同深度取均值以找出渗透性和深度关系,以及去除线性趋势项研究渗透性和岩性之间关系等方法具有广泛的应用价值. 相似文献
6.
An iterative inverse method, the sequential self-calibration method, is developed for mapping spatial distribution of a hydraulic
conductivity field by conditioning on nonreactive tracer breakthrough curves. A streamline-based, semi-analytical simulator
is adopted to simulate solute transport in a heterogeneous aquifer. The simulation is used as the forward modeling step. In
this study, the hydraulic conductivity is assumed to be a deterministic or random variable. Within the framework of the streamline-based
simulator, the efficient semi-analytical method is used to calculate sensitivity coefficients of the solute concentration
with respect to the hydraulic conductivity variation. The calculated sensitivities account for spatial correlations between
the solute concentration and parameters. The performance of the inverse method is assessed by two synthetic tracer tests conducted
in an aquifer with a distinct spatial pattern of heterogeneity. The study results indicate that the developed iterative inverse
method is able to identify and reproduce the large-scale heterogeneity pattern of the aquifer given appropriate observation
wells in these synthetic cases. 相似文献
7.
Evaluation and Monitoring of Service Quality: Discussing Ways to Meet INSPIRE Requirements 下载免费PDF全文
Service oriented architectures (SOA) are widely used nowadays. As the name implies such architectures rely on services. Germany developed a marine‐specific service oriented data infrastructure (MDI‐DE – Marine Dateninfrastruktur Deutschland) from 2010 to 2013. The services in MDI‐DE can contribute to fulfilling reporting commitments for various European and national legislation. The services of MDI‐DE (just like other services affected, for instance, by INSPIRE) have to meet specific requirements regarding performance, availability and conformity (quality of service, QoS). Although SOA is an important field in scientific research there are very few publications and studies available on QoS, especially regarding INSPIRE requirements. The services of MDI‐DE were analyzed using various existing tools. Their usefulness to reflect where either the aspect's performance, availability or conformity needs improvement was partly verified. Due to varying results and the neglect of some services for various reasons it can be stated that the more tools are used, the more conclusive the outcome. Furthermore, service quality was not coherent when measured with different tools. This means that measuring QoS in terms of INSPIRE will be very difficult to do in the future and there is the danger that people will choose the tools with which their services perform best. 相似文献
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9.
Zexuan Xu Nicolas Massei Ingrid Padilla Andrew Hartmann Bill Hu 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2018,77(12):476
This introductory editorial paper provides a review and prospective outlook of the achievements and challenges in karst research under a changing environment. A brief discussion of the past and future karst research has been focused on: (1) data and new technologies; (2) modeling of karst flow and reactive transport; (3) responses of karst hydrosystems to climate variability and changes across scales. 相似文献
10.
Simone Z. Leao Laurence Troy Scott N. Lieske Bill Randolph Chris Pettit 《GeoJournal》2018,83(6):1373-1392
Urban densification trends combined with redevelopment increasingly moving away from large former industrial and transport sites toward existing town centres and corridors indicate redevelopment is becoming increasingly complex, difficult to plan for and undertake. The interplay between land and property markets and planning frameworks suggest city planners and urban researchers need new tools and methodologies to gain insights into ways to deliver effective responses. Despite the need, there is a limited availability of comprehensive models to fulfil the task. This paper describes a GIS-based tool to assess parcel-level financial feasibility and housing supply associated with urban redevelopment within a precinct. The tool incorporates existing and potential built form and parameters associated with the planning framework and land and property markets. Using a real case study in a workshop, tool performance was evaluated by professional urban planners in terms of its capacity to produce metrics and visualisations of potential scenarios of redevelopment. Results indicate the usefulness of the tool for emulating land market conditions and testing scenarios of planning regulation and market changes for strategic planning purposes. 相似文献