The Exhumation History of North Qaidam Thrust Belt Constrained by Apatite Fission Track Thermochronology: Implication for the Evolution of the Tibetan Plateau

Determining the spatio-temporal distribution of the deformation tied to the India-Eurasian convergence and the impact of pre-existing weaknesses on the Cenozoic crustal deformation is significant for understanding how the convergence between India and Eurasia contributed to the development of the Tibetan Plateau. The exhumation history of the northeastern Tibetan Plateau was addressed in this research using a new apatite fission track (AFT) study in the North Qaidam thrust belt (NQTB). Three granite samples collected from the Qaidam Shan pluton in the north tied to the Qaidam Shan thrust, with AFT ages clustering in the Eocene to Miocene. The other thirteen samples obtained from the Luliang Shan and Yuka plutons in the south related to the Luliang Shan thrust and they have showed predominantly the Cretaceous AFT ages. Related thermal history modeling based on grain ages and track lengths indicates rapid cooling events during the Eocene-early Oligocene and since late Miocene within the Qaidam Shan, in contrast to those in the Cretaceous and since the Oligocene-Miocene in the Luliang Shan and Yuka region. The results, combined with published the Cretaceous thermochronological ages in the Qaidam Shan region, suggest that the NQTB had undergo rapid exhumation during the accretions along the southern Asian Andean-type margin prior to the India-Eurasian collision. The Cenozoic deformation initially took place in the North Qaidam thrust belt by the Eocene, which is consistent with the recent claim that the deformation of the northeastern Tibetan Plateau initiated in the Eocene as a response to continental collision between India and Eurasia. The immediate deformation responding to the collision is tentatively attributed to the pre-existing weaknesses of the lithosphere, and therefore the deformation of the northeastern Tibetan Plateau should be regarded as a boundary-condition-dependent process.     

外缺圆圆心检测

圆心检测中,圆的边缘缺损会影响圆心检测的精度。霍夫圆圆心检测具有良好的稳定性,但是精度稍低;最小二乘圆拟合,具有较高的精度,但是易受噪声点的干扰。针对这种情况,本文提出了一种基于霍夫圆的亚像素缺损圆圆心检测方法。先利用霍夫圆检测出粗略圆心坐标及半径,再利用轮廓检测技术提取出所有轮廓点的坐标,并根据霍夫圆检测出圆心及半径对轮廓坐标进行筛选,保留在圆上的轮廓坐标,并利用这些轮廓点坐标进行最小二乘圆拟合求出圆心。实验结果表明,该方法适用性较广,简单可靠,精度高。     

Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous Northern Qaidam Basin, NW China: Implications for the earliest Cretaceous intracontinental tectonism

Formation of Mesozoic western China, which was dominated by tectonic amalgamation along its southern margin and associated intracontinental tectonisms, holds a key for interpreting the succedent Cenozoic evolution. This paper presents new data including lithology, sedimentary facies, stratigraphic contact, seismic interpretation and paleo-structures within the Upper Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous strata in the northern Qaidam Basin, NW China. These data all account for a contractional tectonic deformation in the earliest Cretaceous. The South Qilian Shan, according to the sedimentary features and provenance analysis, reactivated and exhumated during the deformation, controlling the deposition of the Lower Cretaceous sequences. A simplified model for the Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous paleogeography and tectonics of the northern Qaidam Basin is accordingly proposed. The results also support a ∼25° clockwise rotation of the Qaidam Basin since the Early Cretaceous and a more accurate Mesozoic evolution process for the basin. This earliest Cretaceous deformation, associated with the reactivation of the South Qilian Shan at the time, are part of the intracontinental tectonisms in central Asia during the Mesozoic, and probably driven by both the closure of the Mongol-Okhostk Ocean to the north and the collision of the Lhasa and the Qiangtang blocks to the south.     

南祁连山前区中生代晚期古构造特征的研究

南祁连山前区可以分为露头和盆地区两个不同的大地构造单元,本区晚中生代构造活动强烈,控制了新生代的沉积过程和现今中生界残余层序的分布。本文提出了均匀平板状沉积体后期的构造变形可以利用古地质图以及高精度残余地层厚度的变化规律判断古构造带的分析方法,并且对于研究区中生代晚期的古构造特征进行了分析。露头区主要利用古地质图分析方法,研究区集中在赛什腾山-埃姆尼克山北缘的鱼卡和红山地区。盆地区主要利用中生界残余厚度图的分析方法,研究区集中在赛什腾山-埃姆尼克山南侧的赛什腾南部凹陷和马海凸起地区。通过这4个地区古构造特征的研究,提出南祁连山前区中生代晚期在区域性隆升的背景下,形成了一系列古构造带,古构造活动的特点是形成北西-北北西走向的背斜和向斜构造,这些褶皱的波长为15～20 km,为中尺度规模。同时指出,中国西部多数地区均缺失上白垩统,暗示着当时的中亚地区存在一个广阔的晚白垩世古高原。     

沉积盆地构造核心理论和关键技术方法:前沿与发展方向

系统分析前人在沉积盆地构造研究的基础上,论文总结了沉积盆地构造核心理论和关键技术方法的前沿与发展方向。沉积盆地构造核心理论包括盆地分类理论、成盆机制理论、变形定量分析理论和盆地充填过程理论。盆地分类理论是依据不同分类标准建立盆地分类方案,其发展趋势是基于资源与构造背景的原型盆地分类和基于盆地演化的叠合盆地分类;成盆机制理论是定量模拟不同作用机制下(纯热机制、构造作用、负载作用)盆地沉降过程及其控制因素,其发展趋势是三维成盆动力学模拟;变形定量分析理论包括断层相关褶皱理论、临界楔理论和盐构造理论,其发展趋势是三维构造建模与三维定量变形分析;盆地充填过程理论主要开展不同构造成因盆地的充填过程对比与盆山过程的源-汇分析,其发展趋势是多元源-汇分析与定量化盆地分析。沉积盆地构造关键前沿技术包括三维构造建模技术、构造物理模拟与数值模拟技术和基于三维构造恢复的裂缝预测技术。构造物理模拟技术包括了基于工业CT扫描成像物理模拟技术:可以无损动态监测构造带内部变形演化过程,精确构建变形带三维空间展布形态;基于PIV的有限应变分析的物理模拟技术:可以定量分析变形的演化过程,直观展示应变分布特征,探讨构造应变动态分布规律;基于超重力离心机的构造物理模拟技术:可以模拟不同尺度构造流变过程,探讨岩石圈浅层脆性变形与深层韧性流变之间的动力学机制。     

Palaeogene Biostratigraphic Characteristics of Red Basins In Western Henan and Its Adjacent Areas, With an Outline of Palaeogene Palaeobiogeographic Provinces of China

This article is a preliminary summary of Paleogene biostratigraphy of the Liguanqiao, Tantou andYuanqu basins, with a new proposal for Paleogene paleobiogeographic provinces of China. On the basis of asynthetic analysis of the geological data, characters of the mammalian assemblages and their comparisons withother corresponding faunas, a new scheme on Paleogene biostratigraphic subdivision of the basins has been putforward here. Based on differences of biostratigraphic sequences, characteristics of mammalian assemblagesand directions of faults controlling Paleogene basins in China, six Paleogene paleobiogeographic provinces ofChina have been proposed in this paper, that is: Tianshan-Yinshan-Tumen Province; Tarim-North China Prov-ince; Kunlun-Qinling Province, Yangtze Province, Nanling and Southeastern Coastal Province, Qinghai andTibet Province.     

鄂尔多斯盆地南缘寒武纪同沉积伸展断裂系统及其成因机制分析

由于复杂的构造叠加及严重的覆盖,人们对鄂尔多斯盆地早古生代深部结构的研究仍很薄弱。本文主要通过地震数据处理和解释,结合野外地质调查,发现在寒武纪时期,盆地的南缘发育了一套北东向和近东西向的正断裂系统。作者对这套断裂系统的平面及剖面特征进行了详细的描述和分析,并结合区域地质背景探讨了其成因机制,结果表明该套断裂系统主要是由于先存的元古宙北东向基底断层在寒武纪时期发生了继承性活动而形成,同时在断裂系统的局部区段派生出了东西向展布的小规模新生断层。这套断裂系统的发现可能对鄂尔多斯盆地南缘在寒武纪的演化认识及油气勘探具有一定的启示意义。     

柴北缘大型基底断裂——马仙断裂的构造特征研究

利用地面地质、地球物理和钻井资料,对位于柴达木盆地北缘的马仙断裂带的平面分布和剖面结构特征进行了分析,详细的研究了该断裂的形成、发育时间和运动学特征,在此基础上,提出了一个合理的断裂活动的运动学模型。研究认为马仙断裂形成于晚白垩世,在整个新生代期间长期活动,控制了断裂两侧的盆地结构、沉积分布和油气聚集,是一条断面南倾的具有左行走滑分量的斜向冲断层。马仙断裂的运动特征源于南祁连山对盆地的差异性推覆作用。     

库车坳陷东部晚白垩世古隆起及构造应力场恢复

库车坳陷东部具有丰富的油气资源,其构造变形机制与南天山造山带密切相关。综合采用露头共轭节理及白垩系残余厚度分布,分析了库车坳陷东部晚白垩世古隆起特征及构造应力场属性。吐格尔明、克孜勒努尔沟、库车河、卡普沙良河、吉迪克以及库车河西6条剖面的共轭节理分析表明,库车坳陷东部新生代构造挤压应力为NNW-SSE向,而中生代的构造挤压应力为NE-SW向。原型盆地恢复显示,库车坳陷白垩纪的沉积中心大致位于大北1井―吐北2井―克拉2井一线,且发育秋里塔格―新和―牙哈―提尔根古隆起带,白垩系原始沉积厚度总体上北厚南薄。在晚白垩世区域抬升剥蚀的构造背景下,坳陷东部受压隆升遭受剥蚀,白垩系残余厚度减薄,呈西厚东薄的趋势。位于坳陷东部的吐格尔明背斜在石炭纪―三叠纪为一个长期存在的继承性沉积古隆起,晚白垩世进一步隆升形成构造古隆起,背斜周缘的白垩系残余厚度进一步减薄。吐格尔明背斜和背斜周缘白垩系残余厚度等值线以及库北1井和库车河剖面周缘白垩系残余厚度等值线的长轴方向均为NW-SE向,进一步证实了库车坳陷东部晚白垩世的构造应力为NE-SW向。库车坳陷东部晚白垩世古隆起与构造应力场属性主要与特提斯造山带中地体增生和拼贴作用导致的特提斯北缘盆地群中发生的区域性抬升有关。