The evolution characteristics and fractionation mechanism of carbon isotopes in the process of “multi-stage hydrocarbon generation”

The Jiyang Sag and the Liaohe Basin are the two important areas where immature oil resources are distributed in China. From these two areas immature-low mature to mature oil samples were collected for carbon isotopic analysis. The extracts of source rocks are dominant in the Jiyang Sag while crude oils are dominant in the Liaohe Basin. The maturity index, Ro, for source rocks varies from 0.25%(immature) to 0.65% (mature). Studies have shown that within this range of Ro values the extracts of source rocks and crude oils, as well as their fraction components, have experienced observable carbon isotope fractionation. The carbon isotopic values tend to increase with burial depth, the oils become from immature-low mature to mature, and the rules of evolution of oils show a three-stage evolution pattern, i. e. ,light→heavy→light→heavy oils. Such variation trend seems to be related to the occurrence of two hydrocarbon-generating processes and the main hydrocarbon-forming materials being correspondingly non-hydrocarbons and possessing MAB characteristics, lower thermodynamic effects and other factors. In the process towards the mature stage, with increasing thermodynamic effects, the thermal degradation of kerogens into oil has become the leading factor, and correspondingly the bond-breaking ratio of ^12C-^13C also increases,making the relatively ^12C-rich materials at the low mature stage evolve again towards ^13C enrichment.     

颗石藻生烃的热模拟实验研究

对同一种属但生长在不同环境中的两种颗石藻进行了加热模拟实验，探讨其成烃机理。实验发现，颗石菏含有丰富的石油烃类，加热生成的正构烷烃及类异戊二烯烷烃分布与含颗石烃源岩相似。对颗石藻生烃的热演化规律研究表明，氯仿沥青大量产生及烃类组成发生较大变化的实验温度区间为２００－３００℃，此阶段产物相当于镜质体反射率为Ｒ为０．３５－０．５５的含颗石藻烃的源岩，为低成熟原油生成阶段。本文还研究了颗石藻热模拟产物中     

一种新的成烃机制--力化学作用及其实验证据

传统油气地质学认为构造作用主要控制含油气盆地的沉积和油气的运移聚集,而烃类形成演化的能量主要是热能。近年来,越来越多的地质和地球化学资料显示,构造活动对有机质直接成烃的力化学作用在成烃过程中起着重要作用。为了证实构造作用产生的机械能对成烃的力化学作用,本文在系统分析高分子力化学作用、阐述力化学作用基本特点的基础上,应用新方法对不同类型低演化源岩有机质进行了力化学成烃模拟。结果表明,在低温剪切应力作用下,腐泥型有机质发生了明显的非烃向烃类的转化,模拟后样品总烃比例明显增加;而腐殖型有机质不仅发生了可溶有机质中非烃、沥青质向总烃的转化,也发生了大分子烃类向小分子烃类的转化,这表明机械能是有机质成烃演化的重要能量来源,力化学作用可能是有机质早期演化成烃的最主要机制之一。     

颗石藻生烃的热模拟实验研究──Ⅰ．烃的产率、性质及烯烃、烷烃的特征

对同一种属但生长在不同环境中的两种颗石藻进行了加热模拟实验，探讨其成烃机理。实验发现，颗石藻含有丰富的石油烃类，加热生成的正构烷烃及类异成二烯烷烃分布与含颗石藻烃源岩相似。对颗石藻生烃的热演化规律研究表明，氯仿沥青大量产生及烃类组成发生较大变化的实验温度区间为２００～３００℃，此阶段产物相当于镜质体反射率Ｒ０为０．３５～０．５５的含颗石藻烃的源岩，为低成熟原油生成阶段。本文还研究了颗石藻热模拟产物中植烯类化合物和Ｃ＿（２０－）、Ｃ＿（２２－）类胡萝卜烷等类异成二烯烃随温度的变化，并检测出一种推测为Ｃ＿（２２－）二甲基－烷基环己烷的化合物。     

原生动物门梨形四膜虫的无水热解实验产物及伽马蜡-2-烯的检出

在原生动物门梨形四膜虫的无水热解模拟实验产物中,可溶有机质含量丰富,氯仿抽提物含量高达17.5%,其中总烃相对含量可达8.99%;烷烃馏分主要以具有奇碳数正烷烃优势和植烷优势,CPI值达1.2,Pr/Pb比值仅0.42,含有γ-和β-胡萝卜烷以及异常丰富的伽马蜡-2-烯和伽马蜡烷等生物标志物为特征,从而表明梨形四膜虫生存于还原性的咸水环境,热解产物仍然处于未成熟阶段.热解模拟实验的结果不仅再次证实梨形四膜虫仍不失为伽马蜡烷的一种主要的生源母质,而且还验证了由四膜虫醇脱水,形成中间产物伽马蜡-2-烯,以及加氢产物伽马蜡烷的成岩作用演化过程.据此还对前人提出的两种伽马蜡烷成因机理作了对比性的讨论.