Study of the flood control scheduling scheme for the Three Gorges Reservoir in a catastrophic flood

The Three Gorges Project is the world's largest water conservancy project. According to the design standards for the 1,000‐year flood, flood diversion areas in the Jingjiang reach of the Yangtze River must be utilized to ensure the safety of the Jingjiang area and the city of Wuhan. However, once these areas are used, the economic and life loss in these areas may be very great. Therefore, it is vital to reduce this loss by developing a scheme that reduces the use of the flood diversion areas through flood regulation by the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR), under the premise of ensuring the safety of the Three Gorges Dam. For a 1,000‐year flood on the basis of a highly destructive flood in 1954, this paper evaluates scheduling schemes in which flood diversion areas are or are not used. The schemes are simulated based on 2.5‐m resolution reservoir topography and an optimized model of dynamic capacity flood regulation. The simulation results show the following. (a) In accord with the normal flood‐control regulation discharge, the maximum water level above the dam should be not more than 175 m, which ensures the safety of the dam and reservoir area. However, it is necessary to utilize the flood diversion areas within the Jingjiang area, and flood discharge can reach 2.81 billion m³. (b) In the case of relying on the TGR to impound floodwaters independently rather than using the flood diversion areas, the maximum water level above the dam reaches 177.35 m, which is less than the flood check level of 180.4 m to ensure the safety of the Three Gorges Dam. The average increase of the TGR water level in the Chongqing area is not more than 0.11 m, which indicates no significant effect on the upstream reservoir area. Comparing the various scheduling schemes, when the flood diversion areas are not used, it is believed that the TGR can execute safe flood control for a 1,000‐year flood, thereby greatly reducing flood damage.     

中国1∶100万景观生态制图设计

中国1∶100万景观生态图系借鉴国内外传统景观制图方法和制图规范,在遥感、地理信息系统先进技术的支持下,设计研制其制图方法、制图内容、样图和技术流程,同时提出初步的景观分类系统,为今后编制中国1∶100万景观生态图奠定基础。     

On penetration depth of the Shoemaker-Levy 9 fragments into the Jovian atmosphere

The actual penetration depth of the Shoemaker-Levy 9 fragments into the Jovian atmosphere is still an open question. From fundamental equations of meteoric physics with variable cross-section, a new analytic model of energy release of the fragments is presented. In use of reasonable parameters, a series of results are calculated for different initial mass of the fragments. The results show that the largest fragment explodes above pressure levels of 3 bars and does not penetrate into the H₂O cloud layer of the Jovian atmosphere, and that airburst of smaller fragments occur even above the upper cloud layer.     

彭州市立体农业气候资源的研究(二)热量资源分析

利用彭州市境内市气象站，新兴，白果坪的日平均气温资料，进行热量资源分析。结果表明，彭州市7－8月为最热月，多年平均温度低于24．9℃，12－2月为最冷月，多年平均温度高于1．7℃。大多数年全年稳定通过0℃，可一年四季进行农业耕作，有利于作物越冬和多年生作物的种植，生长期长，积温丰富。界限温度的初，终日期及持续日数变化较大，积温际变化显著，热量资源随海拔高度增加而减少，各界限温度的初日推迟，终日提前，持续日数和积温减少，温度强度也降低，形成显著的立体农业气候。     

彭州市立体农业气候资源的研究(一)降水资源分析

分析了彭州市境内位于不同海拔高度的4个观测站的降水资料，结果表明，彭州市雨量充沛，但降水量的年际变化显著，雨季起、止时间和雨季长、短的年际变化很大，降水的时间分配极不均匀，因为这4个站具有相同的气候背景、，降水量的年、季、月变化呈现基本一致的规律和趋势，但因为海拔高度不同等气候背的差异，4站的降水特点又显著不同。降水量随海拔高度的升高而增加，降水变幅和雨日也阴海拔高度的升高而增加，大降水过程具有明显的局地性，不同海拔高度的旱、涝情况亦有差异，降水的空间分布表现出明显的立体性特征。     

东秦岭二郎坪群中火山成因块状硫化物矿床地质地球化学特征及其成因讨论

二郎坪群是东秦岭造山带重要的组成部分,其火山建造中广泛发育有火山成因块状硫化物(VMS)矿床.文章总结并分析了南阳盆地东、西两侧二郎坪群中3个典型矿床(刘山岩、水洞岭和上庄坪)的研究资料,把二郎坪群VMS矿床分为3类:Zn-Cu型矿床(刘山岩矿床);Zn-Cu型与Zn-Pb-Cu型矿床(水洞岭矿床);Zn-Pb-Cu型矿床(上庄坪矿床).从刘山岩矿床到水洞岭矿床,再到上庄坪矿床,铜的含量减少,铅的含量增多.二郎坪群VMS矿床矿石富集LREE、Ce负异常及Eu正异常,说明矿床为热液成因.石英和重晶石中流体包裹体的氢氧同位素特征表明,成矿流体主要来自建造水,南阳盆地以西,矿床成矿流体中伴有较多古大气降水.矿石的硫同位素特征说明,二郎坪群VMS矿床中的硫可能为地幔岩浆硫和海水硫的混合硫.围岩与矿石的铅同位素组成基本一致,说明矿石和围岩可能来源于相似的物源区,成矿元素主要来源于地幔或下地壳深源物质,而水洞岭矿床明显有上地壳浅源物质的混染.研究表明,南阳盆地以西的水洞岭和上庄坪矿床可能形成于大陆边缘海环境,盆地规模较小,受陆源物质影响较大;而南阳盆地以东的刘山岩矿床可能形成于远洋盆地,盆地到达成熟阶段.用地震泵模式可解释二郎坪群VMS矿床的成因机制.     

ND5-12井裂缝性漏失堵漏技术

ND5-12井是麻黄山工区施工的一口开发井,井漏十分频繁,严重制约了该地区的钻井速度,井漏问题是该地区施工必须逾越的难关。概述了该井井漏情况;分析了井漏原因及堵漏难点;制定了堵漏方案;详细介绍了堵漏泥浆的配方、性能以及堵漏技术措施。     

大凌河流域河道生态需水量估算

本文从大凌河流域存在的环境问题出发,分别估算了各水资源分区的河道生态需水量（包括生态基流量、自净需水和输沙需水）及各区的河道生态需水贡献量。提出了使用偏枯年（75％保证率）水文数据估算河道生态需水量的方法．弥补了Tennant法、枯水季最小流量法等方法计算结果偏大或偏小的不足。结果表明,大凌河的4个河段（建凌站以上、建凌站至朝阳站、朝阳站至义县站、义县站至锦县段）的河道分区需水量分别为0．55×10^8m^3、5．21×10^8m^3、3．9×10^8m^3和1．34×10×10^8m^3。锦县水文站以上河道生态需水总量11×10^8m^3,占地表水总资源量的59．75％,因此．大凌河地表水资源取用率应在40％以下。     

螺旋钻进技术在杉木树煤矿强突出煤层中的应用

通过目前瓦斯抽放孔成孔工艺的比较,介绍了杉木树矿强突出煤层采用螺旋钻进工艺试验的工艺过程及其优势,并介绍了在该煤矿的具体试验情况。