BTOPMC模型与新安江模型在史河上游的应用比较研究

介绍了一个由TOPMODEL发展而来的基于栅格的分布式水文模型--BTOPMC模型.选取史河流域黄泥庄水文站以上集水面积为研究区域,在空间分辨率为30秒的数字高程模型数据基础上构建数字流域水系,基于IGBP全球陆面土地覆被数据以及FAO全球数字土壤数据运用BTOPMC模型和新安江模型分别对黄泥庄站1982年到1987年的日径流过程进行模拟.采用模拟与实测洪量比和确定性系数对两个模型的模拟结果进行比较分析.结果表明两个模型都能很好地模拟日径流过程,新安江模型有更好的模拟效果.     

Two-dimensional modeling of fine sediment transport with mixed sediment and consolidation: Application to the Gironde Estuary,France

In order to optimize ship navigation in the macrotidal Gironde Estuary, a recent project funded by the port of Bordeaux aims at better understand and forecast hydrodynamic and fine sediment transport within the estuary. In the framework of this project, a two-dimensional hydro-sedimentary model is built. The model includes hydrodynamic forcings, mixed-sediment transport, and consolidation processes. The harmonic analysis of the astronomical tides reveals a strong distortion of the tidal wave inducing the growth of overtide constituents and the non-significant effect of tide-surge interactions in annual-scale prediction. Depending on hydrological conditions, river discharge can considerably alter the model accuracy due to the migration of the turbidity maximum zone modifying the bottom roughness. Comparison with measurements shows the ability of the model to reproduce suspended-sediment concentrations in the central Estuary. Sensitivity of the model to sediment features has also been discussed in regard of suspended-sediment concentrations and fluid mud deposits. The model will be further coupled with ship squat predictions and a morphodynamic model.     

High-resolution climate simulation of the last glacial maximum

The climate of the last glacial maximum (LGM) is simulated with a high-resolution atmospheric general circulation model, the NCAR CCM3 at spectral truncation of T170, corresponding to a grid cell size of roughly 75 km. The purpose of the study is to assess whether there are significant benefits from the higher resolution simulation compared to the lower resolution simulation associated with the role of topography. The LGM simulations were forced with modified CLIMAP sea ice distribution and sea surface temperatures (SST) reduced by 1°C, ice sheet topography, reduced CO₂, and 21,000 BP orbital parameters. The high-resolution model captures modern climate reasonably well, in particular the distribution of heavy precipitation in the tropical Pacific. For the ice age case, surface temperature simulated by the high-resolution model agrees better with those of proxy estimates than does the low-resolution model. Despite the fact that tropical SSTs were only 2.1°C less than the control run, there are many lowland tropical land areas 4–6°C colder than present. Comparison of T170 model results with the best constrained proxy temperature estimates (noble gas concentrations in groundwater) now yield no significant differences between model and observations. There are also significant upland temperature changes in the best resolved tropical mountain belt (the Andes). We provisionally attribute this result in part as resulting from decreased lateral mixing between ocean and land in a model with more model grid cells. A longstanding model-data discrepancy therefore appears to be resolved without invoking any unusual model physics. The response of the Asian summer monsoon can also be more clearly linked to local geography in the high-resolution model than in the low-resolution model; this distinction should enable more confident validation of climate proxy data with the high-resolution model. Elsewhere, an inferred salinity increase in the subtropical North Atlantic may have significant implications for ocean circulation changes during the LGM. A large part of the Amazon and Congo Basins are simulated to be substantially drier in the ice age—consistent with many (but not all) paleo data. These results suggest that there are considerable benefits derived from high-resolution model regarding regional climate responses, and that observationalists can now compare their results with models that resolve geography at a resolution comparable to that which the proxy data represent.     

陆地生态系统碳汇在实现“双碳”目标中的作用和建议

2030年前实现碳达峰、2060年前实现碳中和(简称“双碳”)是我国对国际社会的庄严承诺,已被纳入生态文明建设的总体布局。生态系统碳汇是实现“双碳”目标的重要手段,也是林业和草原实现高质量发展的必然要求。国际有关机构对全球森林、草地和湿地生态系统的碳储量和碳循环进行了评估。自1990年以来,附件一国家(指《联合国气候变化框架公约》附件一列出的经济合作发展组织中所有发达国家和经济转型国家)对本国的碳排放和碳汇进行估算,编制了年度温室气体清单; 我国也编制了5次国家温室气体清单。这些工作对我国开展应对气候变化的研究提供了基础。提出了如下建议: 在编制“双碳” 路线图和时间表时,既要考虑我国生态系统碳汇与能源和工业领域碳排放在区域空间分布和时间维度上的差异性,也要考虑生态系统同时所具有的碳汇和碳排放的特殊性; 生态系统碳汇是碳达峰的非选项,是碳中和的必选项; 生态系统碳汇要遵循国家实现“双碳”目标的基本原则,要将生态系统碳汇作为国家生态建设和保护工程的主要目标,提高碳汇计量和监测能力,完善市场和融资机制。     

顾及有色噪声的自适应粒子滤波UWB定位算法

传统卡尔曼滤波算法要求噪声模型符合高斯分布,在UWB室内定位中,由于载体本身的机制等干扰,观测噪声不仅仅是白噪声,也存在有色噪声的情况,而粒子滤波可以处理有色噪声的问题。本文通过增加似然分布自适应调整来改进粒子滤波用于目标跟踪的精度,同时研究在白噪声、有色噪声下似然分布自适应调整粒子滤波和拓展卡尔曼滤波在UWB中的优势与不同。试验结果表明：观测噪声为白噪声时,拓展卡尔曼滤波和粒子滤波均可以较好地实现对行人的定位跟踪;观测噪声为有色噪声时,自适应粒子滤波定位效果优于粒子滤波、拓展卡尔曼滤波。     

A strip adjustment procedure to mitigate the impact of inaccurate mounting parameters in parallel lidar strips

Lidar (laser scanning) technology has been proven as a prominent technique for the acquisition of high-density and accurate topographic information. Because of systematic errors in the lidar measurements (drifts in the position and orientation information and biases in the mirror angles and ranges) and/or in the parameters relating the system components (mounting parameters), adjacent lidar strips may exhibit discrepancies. Although position and orientation drifts can have a more significant impact, these errors and their impact do not come as a surprise if the quality of the GPS/INS integration process is carefully examined. Therefore, the mounting errors are singled out in this work. The ideal solution for improving the compatibility of neighbouring strips in the presence of errors in the mounting parameters is the implementation of a rigorous calibration procedure. However, such a calibration requires the original observations, which may not be usually available. In this paper, a strip adjustment procedure to improve the compatibility between parallel lidar strips with moderate flight dynamics (for example, acquired by a fixed-wing aircraft) over an area with moderately varying elevation is proposed. The proposed method is similar to the photogrammetric block adjustment of independent models. Instead of point features, planar patches and linear features, which are represented by sets of non-conjugate points, are used for the strip adjustment. The feasibility and the performance of the proposed procedure together with its impact on subsequent activities are illustrated using experimental results from real data.     

Bathymetry enhancement by altimetry-derived gravity anomalies in the East Sea (Sea of Japan)

The gravity-geologic method (GGM) was used to enhance the bathymetry of the East Sea (Sea of Japan) with satellite altimetry-derived free-air gravity anomalies and shipborne depth measurements. By comparison with the bathymetry model of Smith and Sandwell’s (SAS) approach (1994), GGM was found to have an advantage with short wavelength (≤12 km) components, while SAS better predicts longer wavelength (≥25 km) components, despite its dependency on density contrast. To mitigate this limitation, a tuning density contrast of 10.25 g/cm³ between seawater and the seafloor was primarily estimated by the downward continuation method and then validated by the check points method with GGM. Similarly, SAS is limited by the “A” value in low-pass part of the Wiener filter, which defines the effective range of the wavelength components on bathymetry. As a final result, we present an enhanced GGM bathymetry model by integrating all available data.     

A study on A-type granites in Suzhou,China

The Suzhou granite suite is the anorogenic product, which is located on the inactive continental margin of east China. It was emplaced about 141 Ma ago, occurring as a stock with a polygonal outline on the surface, belonging to alkali potash-feldspar granites with K₂O > Na₂O, Reit’s alkali coefficient = 0.694, SiO₂ = 74.95, and Al₂O₃/(K₂O + Na₂O)mol= 1. Besides K and Na, Li and Rb are also rather high. Highlycharged metals such as Zr, Nb, REE, Y, Sn, Th, Ga and Zn are 10, or even 50 times higher than those in the ordinary granites. Halogen elements such as F and Cl are high in abundance with F = 2700 ppm and Cl = 170 ppm on average. The abundances of deep-source elements such as Ti, Al, Ca, Mg and P are relatively low, with A1₂O₃ = 12.65% and Ca + Mg < 1%. High Ga and low Al contents are typomorphically characteristic of A type granites. Biotite in the rocks is, for the most part, annite, usually filling in quartz and feldspar crystals, indicating that the crystallization of magma proceeded under relatively anhydrous condition. More than 40 kinds of accessory minerals have been identified, of which the mantle-derived mineral chrompicotite and moissanite is of great interest. Two different intrusions, the major and supplementary intrusions, can be distinguished in the granite suite. The rock-forming temperature is estimated to be 810°C, pressure 2.5 kbars, pH 8.1,¹⁸O/¹⁶O low(δ¹⁸O_WR = 6.19‰), and_fo₂= 10⁻¹⁶. The abundances of REE are high and Eu depletion is remarkable (δEu = 0.24). A variety of mineral deposits related to the Suzhou granite suite have been recognized.     

基于深度学习的低剂量CT成像算法研究进展

计算机断层扫描成像(CT)技术具有成像速度快分辨率高的优点,广泛应用于医学临床诊断中.然而,提高剂量辐射会引发人体组织器官受损,降低剂量又会造成成像质量严重下降.为解决上述矛盾,在确保成像质量满足临床诊断需求的条件下,研究如何最大程度地降低X射线辐射对人体造成的伤害,己成为低剂量CT成像技术的研究热点.近年来,在人工智...