Comparative analysis of bacterial contamination in tap and groundwater: A case study on water quality of Quetta City,an arid zone in Pakistan

Water is an essential element on earth, which provides human a variety of services in domestic use, agriculture, or industries. However, some serious health risks of drinking water are associated with microbial contamination, particularly with fecal matter. Therefore, microbial quality assessment is considered to be a necessary component of water quality assessment. This study investigates microbial contamination of water distributary system around the city by comparing groundwater (GW) and tap water (TW) quality in Quetta city. 31 GW samples and 31 TW samples were collected in the study area during the months of September, October, and November. Fecal coliform test was carried out in laboratory and their average total coliform contamination was computed. Results showed that the TW sample were all contaminated by coliform except for Chiltan town, hence are not considered suitable for drinking without any treatment according to WHO drinking water quality standards. The average coliform concentrations were 12 in Quetta main city, 11.6 in Jinnah town, 5.3 in Satallite town, 10 in Shahbaz town and 5 in Brewery town (0/100 mL CFU) and the TW samples from the three towns were even more contaminated with E.coli. Whereas among the GW, average microbial concentrations were 1.8 in Quetta main city, 2 in Satallite town, 1.4 in Shahbaz town, and 0.4 in Chiltan town (0/100 mL CFU), respectively, which shows that the contamination is occurring within the water distributary pipeline system when the water flows through the pipelines. Moreover, this research will be valuable for researchers and administrative authorities to conduct elaborative studies, and develop new policies to prevent further deterioration of drinking water in the water distribution system by pathogenic microorganisms and ensure safe drinking water to the public of Quetta city.     

Nonextensive collisioneless dust-acoustic shock waves in a charge varying dusty plasma

Nonlinear dust-acoustic (DA) shock waves are addressed in a nonextensive dusty plasma exhibiting self-consistent nonadiabatic charge variation. Our results reveal that the amplitude, strength and nature of the DA shock waves are extremely sensitive to the degree of ion nonextensivity. Significant differences in the potential function occur for very small changes in the value of the nonextensive parameter. Stronger is the ions correlation, more important is the charge variation induced nonlinear wave damping.     

A New Statistical Perspective on Trophic Indexes for Shallow Lakes

Water Resources - The aim of this study is to develop a new trophic level index using water quality parameters which are known to affect eutrophication but not in national and international...     

Thermodynamics in non-linear electrodynamics with anisotropic universe

In this work, we consider the framework of non-linear electrodynamics in Bianchi type I universe model composed of matter and electromagnetic field. We deal with electric and magnetic universe separately. In this scenario, we calculate the electric and magnetic fields and their corresponding matter densities using two particular types of interaction terms. We also check the validity of generalized second law of thermodynamics in both universe models enclosed by apparent horizon. It turns out that this law holds on the apparent horizon for a particular range depending upon the parameters. Finally, we discuss the deceleration and statefinder parameters to check the viability of these models.