Mobility and settlement system integration in the USSR

Recent Soviet research on commuting in the USSR is reviewed in the light of the General Strategy for a System of Settlement in the USSR, adopted in 1976. It is noted that rural-urban commuting to work has grown rapidly since 1975, particularly in the European parts of the USSR, and that most commuters prefer to live in rural or suburban areas within easy access of an urban center rather than in the central city itself.     

Measurement of stress effects (scope for growth) and contaminant levels in mussels (Mytilus edulis) collected from the Irish Sea

The objective of this research was to quantify the impact of pollution along the coastlines of the Irish Sea. Pollution assessment was based on the combined measurement of scope for growth (SFG), and chemical contaminants in the tissues of mussels (Mytilus edulis) collected from 38 coastal sites around the Irish Sea during June-July in 1996 and 1997. On the UK mainland coast, the SFG showed a general trend with a significant decline in water quality in the Liverpool and Morecambe Bay region. High water quality was recorded along the west coast of Wales, as well as southwest England and northwest Scotland (clean reference sites outside the Irish Sea). Along the coast of Ireland there was a similar trend with reduced SFG within the Irish Sea region. SFG was generally low north of Duncannon and then improved north of Belfast. The poor water quality on both sides of the Irish Sea is consistent with the prevailing hydrodynamics and the spatial distribution of contaminants associated with urban/ industrial development. The decline in SFG of mussels on both sides of the Irish Sea was associated with a general increase in contaminant levels in the mussels. Certain contaminants, including PAHs, TBT, sigmaDDT, Dieldrin, gamma-HCH, PCBs, and a few of the metals (Cd, Se, Ag, Pb), showed elevated concentrations. Many of these contaminants were particularly elevated in the coastal margins of Liverpool Bay, Morecambe Bay and Dublin Bay. A quantitative toxicological interpretation (QTI) of the combined tissue residue chemistry and SFG measurements indicated that at the majority of coastal sites, c. 50 to > 80% of the observed decline in SFG was due to PAHs as a result of fossil fuel combustion and oil spills. TBT levels were highest at major ports and harbours, but these concentrations only made a minor contribution to the overall reduction in SFG. At no sites were individual metals accumulated to concentrations that could cause a significant effect on SFG. The study identified many sites where the observed reduction in SFG was far greater than predicted from the limited number of chemical contaminants analysed, thus indicating the presence of additional 'unknown toxicants'. Sewage (containing domestic, agricultural and industrial components) appears to be an important contributor to reduced SFG and linear alkylbenzenes (LABs) and As may provide suitable 'sewage markers'. There was a highly significant positive correlation between SFG and As (P < 0.001). This relationship may be due to reduced As uptake by algal food material and mussels at sites with elevated P04 concentrations (e.g. at sites with sewage inputs). Phosphate is a known competitive inhibitor of As accumulation, at least in algae. The results highlight that further research is required on 'sewage markers' in mussels. The SFG approach therefore provides a rapid, cost-effective and quantitative measure of pollution impact, as well as a means of identifying the causes through a QTI of tissue contaminants levels. It also serves to identify the presence of unidentified toxicants and areas that require further study.     

苍山5.2级地震异常群体时空演化特征

在对 1 995年山东省苍山 5 2级地震异常筛选的基础上 ,分析了异常群体阶段性演化过程。结果表明 ,震前 1 0a左右震中周围出现小震小区域综合断层面解主压应力P轴偏转 (约 3 0°) ,震前 7a左右震中附近 3～ 4级地震增强集中及应变释放加速 ;震前 4a左右转为异常平静 ;震前 1a左右震中外围开始出现形变类前兆异常 ,前兆异常台站比和异常台项比约达 6%及 4%左右 ,异常比例偏少 ;震前约半年起 ,以震中附近地震波速比异常出现为起点 ,相继出现各类前兆异常 6条 ,短期前兆异常台站比和异常台项比分别约达 2 5 %和 1 7%左右 ,显示孕震进入短期阶段 ,但临震异常不明显。对由此获得的 5级地震预测启示进行了讨论。     

地震能量空间分布局域标度特性中短期预报方法及效能评价——实际震例的回顾性检验

利用中国大陆丰富的地震记录，对表征地震能量空间分布局域标度特性的各参量〔１〕及其组合进行系统研究，提炼具有可操作性、能够用于日常地震监测预报的实用方法，特别着重于“异常”划分方式及划分标准的研究。这一划分方式及划分标准对不同地区或不同时段均是“动态”可变的，对所研究的１０个区域内发生的中强地震进行回顾性的预报检验，发现对于较短时期（０．５－１．５年），其最大预报评分的平均值介于０．３—０．６之间，明显高于随机应答的概率评分，表明多参数综合使用具有相对强的预报能力     

用对合图件和密封带图件帮助分析油气储层内断层密封性

有一套新的图件能够帮助分析断层对合情况和密封作用。这套图件依据岩性和断层位移大小间的相互影响确定断层的对合和密封类型，其优点是无需作出地层面和断层面的详细三维图件即可评价断层封闭性，并可用于绘制断层带的渗透率、封闭性和传导能力值图件，用这些图件可以快捷地确定临界断层的断距和对合情况，这种对合需要作出相关的图件以确定油气储层内的不同区块。     

低熔融度地幔熔浆

介绍了低熔融度地幔熔浆的研究现状和意义，特别讨论了Ｂａｋｅｒ等最新的实验结果，并与实测数据进行了比较分析，认为Ｂａｋｅｒ等的实验是研究低融度熔浆一人上实质性进展，但许多方面尚有待探索。     

1983年菏泽5.9级地震的某些地震学异常的研究

1983年11月7日的山东菏泽5.9级地震是在华北强震平静背景上发生于华北平原南部的一次颇具特色而令人瞩目的中等强度地震。本文概述了这次地震的某些地震学异常现象及其时空特征,认为利用某些震兆现象可能对部分中等强度地震作出粗略而不确切的中期趋势估计,但短临预报是相当困难的。