陆地生态系统氮状态对碳循环的限制作用研究进展

陆地生态系统碳循环和氮循环密切相关, 碳贮量与碳通量在很大程度上受氮循环的影响 和限制。由于氮循环的复杂性, 在以往的大多数碳循环研究中, 更多考虑水分、温度和大气CO2 浓 度等因子的影响, 考虑碳氮相互作用的研究较少。氮素可限制植物光合、有机质分解、同化产物的 分配以及生态系统对大气CO2 浓度升高的响应。根据目前有关碳氮模型的发展状况可将碳氮耦 合循环模型分为三大类: 一是静态模型, 它的土壤养分水平或者叶氮含量不变, 是常数, 这类模型 适合于在站点或氮素浓度变化不大的区域应用; 二是土壤氮限制模型, 能够保持稳定的生态系统 氮收支, 在NPP(Net Primary Productivity, 净初级生产力)的模拟中考虑土壤氮有效性的动态变化 的影响, 使模拟结果更为合理; 三是叶氮限制模型, 在NPP 的模拟中考虑叶片氮浓度的动态变化 的影响。这三类模型虽然都考虑了氮对碳循环的限制作用, 但在氮碳循环机理方面尚有不少欠 缺, 所以在研究中可能会带来很大的不确定性。在以后的研究中, 应通过加强碳氮相互作用的实 验研究, 增进对碳氮过程的深入了解, 进而建立综合动态的碳氮耦合模型, 以减少目前碳循环研 究中的不确定性。     

Oceanic origin of southeast tropical Atlantic biases

Most coupled general circulation models suffer from a prominent warm sea surface temperature bias in the southeast tropical Atlantic Ocean off the coast of Africa. The origin of the bias is not understood and remains highly controversial. Previous studies suggest that the origin of the bias stems from systematic errors of atmospheric models in simulating surface heat flux and coastal wind, or poorly simulated coastal upwelling. In this study, we show, using different reanalysis and observational data sets combined with a set of eddy-resolving regional ocean model simulations, that systematic errors in ocean models also make a significant contribution to the bias problem. In particular (1) the strong warm bias at the Angola-Benguela front that is maintained by the local wind and the convergence of Angola and Benguela Currents is caused by an overshooting of the Angola Current in ocean models and (2) the alongshore warm bias to the south of the front is caused by ocean model deficiencies in simulating the sharp thermocline along the Angola coast, which is linked to biases in the equatorial thermocline, and the complex circulation system within the Benguela upwelling zone.     

Analysis on monthly-averaged distribution of sea surface wind and wave over the seas southeast of Asia using ERS-2 scatterometer data

The wind system over the seas southeast of Asia (SSEA) plays an important role in China's climate variation. In this paper, ERS scatterometer winds covering the period from January 2000 to December 2000 and the area of 2-41 °N, 105- 130°E were analyzed with a distance-weighting interpolation method and the monthly mean distribution of the sea surface wind speed were given. The seasonal characteristics of winds in the SSEA were analyzed. Based on WAVEWATCH Ⅲ model, distribution of significant wave height was calculated.     

基于GF模型的BDS-3/GPS/Galileo三频模糊度固定性能分析

基于实测数据评估基于无几何（geometry-free,GF）模型的BDS-3/GPS/Galileo三频模糊度固定性能。首先给出适用于BDS-3/GPS/Galileo短基线TCAR（triple-frequency carrier ambiguity resolution）算法的三频线性组合;然后基于不同长度的实测短基线数据,评估BDS-3/GPS/Galileo超宽巷、宽巷及窄巷模糊度单历元固定性能。结果表明,对于5 m、3.6 km和13.1 km三条基线,BDS-3/GPS/Galileo超宽巷模糊度固定率相当（99.7%以上）,BDS-3/GPS宽巷模糊度固定率（97.2%以上）略优于Galileo（93.0%以上）,BDS-3窄巷模糊度固定率（92.2%以上）略优于GPS/Galileo（89.4%以上）。     

全球气候变化背景下生态系统的脆弱性评价

未来100年气候变暖速度将比上一世纪提高2－10倍,势必对生态系统的格局、过程和服务功能产生巨大影响,威胁生态系统和社会经济的持续发展。因此评价全球气候变化背景下生态系统脆弱性是当前全球变化和生态系统研究的主要内容。由于气候变化以及生态系统对其响应和适应的复杂性,生态系统脆弱性评价进展缓慢。本文在阐明生态系统脆弱性概念的基础上,综述了近年来国内外关于气候变化对生态系统影响及其脆弱性评价研究的现状、方法,归纳和介绍了脆弱性评价研究的三种主要方法——模型模拟研究、指标评价研究以及类比研究,指出气候变化的脆弱性评价研究中存在的问题、不足以及今后的发展方向。     

不规则框架结构的组合隔震反应分析

为研究不规则框架隔震结构的地震反应,分别对一个传统抗震结构、一个铅芯叠层橡胶支座隔震结构和四个组合隔震结构(隔震层由铅芯支座和滑板支座组成)进行了弹塑性地震反应时程分析,研究隔震支座参数对隔震效果的影响。结果表明:采用组合隔震技术时,合理选择隔震层的铅芯支座布置位置、滑板支座的摩擦系数和铅芯叠层橡胶支座的型号,可以有效地降低上部结构的扭转效应;对于不规则的建筑隔震结构,为减小地面运动带来的扭转效应,建议采用由铅芯支座和滑板支座组合而成的隔震层,可对上部结构的扭转起到很好的抑制作用。     

Reconstruction of the Triassic Tectonic Lithofacies Paleogeography in Qiangtang Region, Northern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China

The Triassic petrostratigraphic system and chronologic stratigraphic sketch have been updated and perfected in the Qiangtang area, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau based on the integrated 1:250000 regional geological survey and the latest research progeny. The first finished 1:3000000 Triassic tectonic lithofacies paleogeographic maps in the Qiangtang area shows that the Triassic tectonic unit in the Qiangtang area can been divided into three parts from north to south: northern Qiangtang block; Longmucuo-Shuanghu suture zone; and southern Qiangtang block.     

Analysis of earthquake ground motions using an improved Hilbert–Huang transform

Some limitations of the Hilbert–Huang transform (HHT) for nonlinear and nonstationary signal processing are remarked. As an enhancement to the HHT, a time varying vector autoregressive moving average (VARMA) model based method is proposed to calculate the instantaneous frequencies of the intrinsic mode functions (IMFs) obtained from the empirical mode decomposition (EMD) of a signal. By representing the IMFs as time varying VARMA model and using the Kalman filter to estimate the time varying model parameters, the instantaneous frequencies are calculated according to the time varying parameters, then the instantaneous frequencies and the envelopes derived from the cubic spline interpolation of the maxima of IMFs are used to yield the Hilbert spectrum. The analysis of the length of day dataset and the ground motion record El Centro (1940, N–S) shows that the proposed method offers advantages in frequency resolution, and produces more physically meaningful and readable Hilbert spectrum than the original HHT method, short-time Fourier transform (STFT) and wavelet transform (WT). The analysis of the seismic response of a building during the 1994 Northridge earthquake shows that the proposed method is a powerful tool for structural damage detection, which is expected as the promising area for future research.     

中国陆地生态系统净初级生产力时空特征模拟

In this paper,we use CEVSA,a process-based model,which has been validated on regional and global scales,to explore the temporal and spatial patterns of Net Primary Productivity (NPP) and its responses to interannual Climate fluctuations in China‘‘‘‘‘‘‘‘s terrestrial ecosystems over the period 1981-1998,The estimated results suggest that ,in this study period,the averaged annual total NPP is about 3.09 Gt C/yr^-1 and average NPP is about 342 g C/m^2,The results also showed that the precipitaion was the key factor determining the spsatial distribution and temporal trends of NPP. Temporally,the total NPP exhibited a slowly increasing trend.In some ENSO years( e.g.1982,1986,1997)NPP decreased clearly compared to the previous year,but the relationship between ENSO and NPP is decreased clearly compared to the previous year,but the relationship between ENSO and NPP is complex due to the integrated effects of monsoons and regional differentiation. Spatially,the relatively high NPP occurred at the middle high latitudes,the low latitudes and the lower appeared at the middle latitudes,On national scale,precipitaion is the key conntro factor on NPP variations and there exists a weak correlation between NP and temperature ,but regional responses are greatly different.     

土地利用和气候变化对区域净初级生产力的影响

应用以遥感观测数据驱动的GLO-PEM模式模拟估计的中国北方20年的NPP数据同其20年气候数据结合,同时利用通过遥感宏观调查所得的两期土地利用数据,分析20年气候和土地利用变化对区域净初级生产力 (Net Primary Productivity,NPP) 的影响的时空特征。分析结果表明,20年来研究区域年均温度显著增加 (年均增温0.064 ^oC),年降水量明显减少 (年降水减少率为1.49 mm/年),NPP以减少趋势为主 (年减少率6.9 TgC)。研究区域NPP的变化受旬 (月) 均温和旬 (月) 降水量和季节温度和季节降水的变化影响显著。季节NPP同季节降水和温度的相关性在空间上同植被覆盖表现出高度的一致性,其相关系数大小随着不同植被覆盖类型变化而变化。通过分析可见,就整个研究区来说,发生土地利用变化的区域仅占整个研究区域的5.45%, 气候对整个研究区域NPP的影响占主导地位 (占了总影响量的90%);土地利用发生区域土地利用的作用占了绝对地位,土地利用的影响占了约97%。整个研究区域近20年来因为降水明显减少,温度显著升高,导致NPP明显下降,在两期土地利用间隔时间段内 (约10年) 因气候影响NPP减少了78 (±0.6) TgC。因为土地利用的变化导致NPP减少9 (±0.2) TgC。气候和土地利用共同作用是研究区域的NPP减少87 (±0.8) TgC。