The Pimpama River floodplain has developed over the last several thousand years as a result of sea-level fluctuations that
shaped the lower catchment and enabled the formation of sedimentary pyrite. The subsequent production of sulfuric acid due
to the oxidation of this pyrite enhances the breakdown of metal-bearing sediments and can lead to leaching of major and trace
metals into the waters of the region. The seasonal pattern of rainfall and current land-use activities are important aspects
that intensify the natural production of acid and influence the release and distribution of metals. To identify the source
and migration of metals in the Pimpama catchment and to understand the impact of pyrite oxidation on the distribution of metals
in sediments and waters, several components of the drainage system were analyzed: bedrock, sediments from river bed and bank,
and water. The elements analyzed in this study (V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn and Pb) are all present in the bedrock material which
explains their occurrence in the unconsolidated sediments of the floodplain. These metals concentrate in the upper section
of the sedimentary sequence and their presence is related to clay minerals such as smectite, organic matter and iron phases.
However, Zn, Mo and Co occur in higher amounts than the local background and within standard shale. This comparison suggests
that the diagenetic processes alone cannot explain the higher concentrations and it is concluded that these metals also have
an anthropogenic source. The formation of sulfuric acid creates conditions for higher mobility of some metals, such as Cr,
Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, but does not affect less mobile ones such as Mo and Pb. Over the longterm, the production of acid influences
the breakdown of mineral phases and enhances the process of weathering. Over the short term, every rain event leaches acid
from sediments and mobilizes metals resulting in a substantial reduction in the quality of river water.
Received: 2 October 1998 · Accepted: 16 February 1999 相似文献
Water quality is a key aspect of the Everglades Restoration Project, the largest water reclamation and ecosystem management project proposed in the United States. Movement of nutrients and contaminants to and from Everglades peat porewater could have important consequences for Everglades water quality and ecosystem restoration activities. In a study of Everglades porewater, we observed complex, seasonally variable peat porewater chloride concentration profiles at several locations. Analyses and interpretation of these changing peat porewater chloride concentration profiles identifies processes controlling conservative solute movement at the peat–surface water interface, that is, solutes whose transport is minimally affected by chemical and biological reactions. We examine, with an advection–diffusion model, how alternating wet and dry climatic conditions in the Florida Everglades mediate movement of chloride between peat porewater and marsh surface water. Changing surface water–chloride concentrations alter gradients at the interface between peat and overlying water and hence alter chloride flux across that interface. Surface water chloride concentrations at two frequently monitored sites vary with marsh water depth, and a transfer function was developed to describe daily marsh surface water chloride concentration as a function of marsh water depth. Model results demonstrate that porewater chloride concentrations are driven by changing surface water chloride concentrations, and a sensitivity analysis suggests that inclusion of advective transport in the model improves the agreement between the calculated and the observed chloride concentration profiles. Published in 2007 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
GPS Solutions - The hazardous effects of spoofing attacks on the global navigation satellite system (GNSS) receiver are well known. Technologies and algorithms to increase the awareness of GNSS... 相似文献
We report application of the flank method using the electron microprobe to a suite of twelve (Mg,Fe)O samples with composition 2–47 wt% Fe and Fe3+/ΣFe = 1 to 11%, where Fe3+/ΣFe was determined independently using Mössbauer spectroscopy on the same grains used for the flank method measurements. A calibration curve of the form Fe2+ = A + B × (ΣFe)2 + C × (Lβ/Lα) was fit to the data and gave excellent agreement between Fe3+/ΣFe calculated from the flank method and Fe3+/ΣFe determined using Mössbauer spectroscopy. We found the method to be sufficiently sensitive to determine meaningful variations in Fe3+/ΣFe for geophysically relevant compositions of (Mg,Fe)O (<25 wt% Fe), and calibration parameters remained constant within experimental uncertainty over the course of the entire study (20 months). Flank method measurements on an inhomogeneous sample of synthetic (Mg,Fe)O showed evidence of diffusion processes resulting from rupture of the capsule during the high-pressure experiment and the possibility to measure Lβ/Lα variations with a spatial resolution of a few microns. We detected the presence of exsolved magnesioferrite in a suite of (Mg,Fe)O single crystals using transmission electron microscopy and Mössbauer spectroscopy. Flank method measurements on the same suite of single crystals showed enhanced Fe3+/ΣFe values, consistent with the presence of magnesioferrite even though the grains were too small to be resolved by conventional electron microprobe measurements. 相似文献
Fluvio-deltaic aquifers are the primary source of drinking water for the people of Bangladesh. Such aquifers, which comprise the Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna Delta, are hydrogeologically heterogeneous. Because of widespread groundwater quality issues in Bangladesh, it is crucial to know the hydrostratigraphic architecture and hydrochemistry, as some aquifer units are contaminated, whereas others are safe. Geophysical methods provide a potentially effective and noninvasive method for extensive characterization of these aquifers. This study applies and investigates the limitations of using electrical resistivity imaging (ERI) for mapping the hydrostratigraphy and salinity of an aquifer-aquitard system adjacent to the Meghna River. Some electrical resistivity (ER) sections showed excellent correlation between resistivity and grain size. These suggest that ERI is a powerful tool for mapping internal aquifer architecture and their boundaries with finer-grained aquitards which clearly appear as low-ER zones. However, in parts of some ER sections, variations in electrical properties were determined by porewater resistivity. In these cases, low ER was indicative of brine and did not indicate the presence of finer-grained materials such as silt or clay. Accordingly, the following hydrostratigraphic zones with different resistivities were detected: (1) aquifers saturated with fresh groundwater, (2) a regional silt/clay aquitard, and (3) a deeper brine-saturated formation. In addition, shallow silt/clay pockets were detected close to the river and below the vadose zone. ERI is thus a promising technique for mapping aquifers versus aquitards; however, the observations are easily confounded by porewater salinity. In such cases, borehole information and groundwater salinity measurements are necessary for ground-truthing.
The Isthmus of Tehuantepec corresponds to the shortest distance (~200?km) between the Gulf of Mexico and the Pacific Ocean in Southern Mexico, and the main economical activity of this region is oil extraction and refining. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPHs) were determined in a 210Pb dated sediment core collected from the continental shelf of Tehuantepec Gulf, in the vicinity of the oil refinery of Salina Cruz, Oaxaca, the main oil refining facility of the country. The sediments were mostly of coarse nature and hence PAHs and TPHs concentrations throughout the core (61?C404???g?g?1 and 29?C154?mg?kg?1, respectively) were below international quality benchmarks. Depth profiles of both PAHs and TPHs concentrations showed increasing trends since the early 1900s but the higher values were found from the 1950s to present. PAH congener ratios showed that these contaminants had both petrogenic and pyrolitic sources, although the former has been predominant since the 1970s. The Salina Cruz refinery started operations in 1978 but the oil industry activities in the Tehuantepec Isthmus go back to the beginning of the twentieth century with the operation of Minatitlan refinery in the Gulf of Mexico, and the Gulf of Tehuantepec being the main conduit for oil distribution in the Pacific coast. The observed changes in contaminant distributions described well the oil industry development in the area. 相似文献
Some traits of the bacterial community dynamics associated to the rhizosphere of the Mediterranean seagrass Posidonia oceanica, growing in carbonate sediments, were analyzed during a 2-year period in an enclosed bay of the Balearic Islands. The diversity
of the bacterial community was studied by the construction of 16S rDNA clone library. For testing temporal and vertical differences
in the abundance of total cells and active Bacteria, we used 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) staining and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Moreover, some relevant
groups of sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) were occasionally assessed by FISH. Despite the observed decrease in the total DAPI-stained
cells, bacterial counts, and sulfate reduction rates throughout the sampling time, we found an increase in both the pore-water
sulfide concentration and the proportion of SRB. Overall, the results revealed a very high bacterial diversity and indicated
shifts in bacterial dynamics that could not be related to temperature-dependent factors, suggesting a link between the documented
regression of the seagrass meadow and the decline of the microbial community, likely due to large organic matter inputs to
the bay. 相似文献
The geological setting and landuse activities of the Pimpama River catchment are typical for many drainage systems in southeast
Queensland. The river originates in coastal ranges of Late Paleozoic age, crosses a floodplain developed during the Late Pleistocene-Holocene
sea-level fluctuations and flows into the southern part of the Moreton Bay. The formation of sedimentary pyrite associated
with the mid-Holocene transgression is an important feature of this coastal setting. The oxidation and hydrolysis of pyrite
and the consequent production of sulfuric acid are controlled by the amount and seasonality of rainfall and influenced locally
by landuse activities. The acid production and the leaching of dissolved metals from river alluvium and estuarine sediments
impact substantially on land and aquatic habitats. The water quality of the Pimpama River and its tributaries reflects the
lithology of the bedrock and can vary largely depending on season, tidal regimes, sediment lithology, local topography and
agricultural activities.
Monitoring of river water for several seasons revealed four types of events, each with a different response in terms of water
quality: (a) occasional showers during the dry season cause low pH and high amounts of dissolved metals in the water, (b)
the first heavy rain of the wet season can produce very toxic conditions (low pH and high concentrations of metals) that can
result in a fish kill, (c) towards the end of the wet season, prolonged flushing of pyrite oxidation products leads to short-term
recovery of the aquatic system (neutral pH and lower amounts of dissolved metals in the water) and (d) a flood event can produce
low pH, salinity and high concentrations of metals, which can represent lethal conditions for aquatic life. Assessment of
saturation indexes for representative weathering and oxidation products such as clays, goethite, gibbsite and jarosite shows
that these mineral phases can precipitate only when the water reaches neutral pH.
Received: 21 September 1998 · Accepted: 1 December 1998 相似文献