OPTIMIZATION OF A CHROMATOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS IN REVERSED PHASE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY

The automatic procedures for optimizing the composition of a binary mobile phase in reversed phaseliquid chromatography have been intensively studied for the past ten years.The performance of theseprocedures,based on either the black box approach or on other methods such as the experimentaldesign,are very often limited by the large number of time-consuming experimental runs that arenecessary for the determination of the analysis conditions to be optimized.The proposed method reduces this number of experiments:two experiments,run under linearvariation of the composition of the binary mobile phase(the linear gradient elution mode),make itpossible to determine the mobile phase composition corresponding to the maximum resolution betweenpeaks,the final analysis being assumed to be carried out under isocratic conditions.The method requires two steps:the determination of the retention characteristics for each solute,which depend upon the composition of the mobile phase;the selection of the optimum composition ofthe isocratic mobile phase,by using a criterion such as the maximum resolution normalized by the squareroot of the plate number,for the least separated pair of adjacent peaks.The interest,performance and limits of use of such an optimization procedure are discussed by meansof the chromatographic analysis of different complex mixtures.     

The effect of prehatch and posthatch exposure to cadmium on salinity tolerance of larval grass shrimp,Palaemonetes pugio

Groups of embryonic grass shrimp,Palaemonetes pugio, were exposed to 0.1 and 0.3 mg/l cadmium at 30 ppt salinity and 25°C for the last 1, 4 or 8 days prior to hatching. Other groups of embryos were cultured in uncontaminated seawater. Prehatch exposure to cadmium was found to have no additive effect on the sensitivity of the larvae to cadmium exposure and salinity stress for 14 days after hatching. Only one group of larvae, exposed to 0.1 mg/l cadmium for 4 days before hatching, and transferred to 10 ppt salinity water containing 0.1 mg/l cadmium after hatching, showed a significant (X ², P<0.05) decrease in survival, compared to control survival. No significant decreases in survival were observed for any larvae transferred to 15 and 30 ppt salinity at a pre- and posthatch cadmium concentration of 0.1 mg/l. At a pre- and posthatch cadmium concentration of 0.3 mg/l, significant decreases in survival were observed for all of the larvae transferred to 10 and 15 ppt salinity after hatching. Significant decreases in survival were observed for only 2 of the groups exposed before hatching and transferred to 30 ppt salinity and 0.3 mg/l cadmium after hatching.     

Some major concepts of metallogeny

These notes, which summarize part of over ten years of laboratory work, aim to clarify and inter-relate three fundamental concepts of current Metallogeny: consanguinity, heritage, province. — 1. The concept of consanguinity: its criteria, limits and graduations, are first presented; 2. They are illustrated by the analysis of a complex example: the lead-zinc mineralisations in Trias around the Cévennes (South of the French Massif Central); 3. The likelihood of consanguinity for various strata-bound mineralisations, particularly misappreciated and misinterpreted, is then shown: — tungsten in the Cévennes — gold at Passagem (Brazil), about which microstructural and geochemical arguments are especially employed — cobalt at Bou Azzer (Marocco); 4. From consanguinity in a sedimentary environment, the authors turn to the crustal phenomena cycle, during which the heritages of the cations succeed one another. Examples of heritages, linked with sedimentation-volcanism: Sierra de Carthagena (Spain) — metamorphism — granitisation, are rapidly examined or referred to in literature. Particular attention has been paid to heritage by secretion, illustrated by the antimony lodes of the French Massif Central. Consequently, it may be understood how the successive heritages involve geochemical permanences and determine the geochemical provinces going back to ancient times in which the mineral provinces were built up. 5. In a last section the transformist guide line is compared with other concepts and tools of Metallogeny: lineaments and isotopic ratios. — In conclusion, the intra-crustal heritages still remain under-estimated and badly deciphered and are not sufficiently taken into consideration in mineral exploration.

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Zusammenfassung Diese Veröffentlichung, die einen Teil der während eines Jahrzehnts in einem Laboratorium ausgeführten Arbeiten kurz behandelt, hat die Aufgabe, drei Grundbegriffe der gegenwärtigen Metallogenese klarzustellen und miteinander zu verknüpfen: Familiarität (Verwandtschaft), Vererbung und Provinz. — 1. Der Begriff der Verwandtschaft sowie seine Kriterien, Grenzen und Nuancen werden zuerst auseinandergesetzt. 2. Dann wird dieser Begriff anhand der Analyse eines komplizierten Beispiels veranschaulicht, und zwar der Blei-Zink-Mineralisationen in der Trias am Rand der Cevennen, im Süden des französischen Zentralmassivs gelegen; 3. Anschließend wird die Wahrscheinlichkeit der Verwandtschaft für verschiedene schichtgebundene, besonders verkannte und falsch interpretierte Mineralisationen aufgezeigt. Es handelt sich einerseits um das Wolfram der Cevennen sowie das Kobalt von Bou Azzer (Marokko) und andererseits um das Gold von Passagem (Brasilien), zu dessen Erklärung insbesonders mikrostrukturelle und geochemische Argumente herangezogen werden; 4. So gelangt man in den Kreislauf der Krustalerscheinungen, währenddessen Vererbungen von Kationen aufeinanderfolgen. Beispiele von Vererbungen, die an Sedimentation, Vulkanismus (Sierra von Cartagena, Spanien), Metamorphose und Granitisierung gebunden sind, werden kurz untersucht oder anhand von Literaturangaben erwähnt. Besondere Erwähnung verdient die Sekretionsvererbung, die am Beispiel der Antimonerzgänge des französischen Zentralmassivs veranschaulicht wird. Somit wird verständlich, wie die aufeinanderfolgenden Vererbungen geochemische Beständigkeiten bedingen. Sie bestimmen ebenfalls geochemische, auf das hohe Altertum zurückgehende Provinzen, auf denen sich die Mineralprovinzen aufbauen; 5. Zum Schluss wird diese transformistische Leitrichtung mit anderen Konzepten und Arbeitsmitteln der Metallogenese verglichen: den Lineamenten und Isotopenverhältnissen. — Es wird der Schluß gefolgert, daß die intrakrustalen Vererbungen immer noch unterschätzt, schlecht entziffert und bei der Lagerstättenforschung ungenügend in Betracht gezogen werden.

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Illustrated by Examples

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Laboratory associated with the C.N.R.S. (n^o 65). Contributors to this paper: P. Routhier (former Director of the Laboratory at present Director in the B.R.G.M.) and P. Brouder, R. Fleischer, (at present in the Penarroya C⁰), J. C. Macquar, Melle M. J. Pavillon, G. Roger and H. Rouvier.     

Shear Wave Anisotropy of the Upper Mantle Beneath the Region from Tingri of Tibet to Golmud of Qinghai

Measurements of shear wave splitting at 43 three-component seismic stationsshow very big difference in anisotropy on both sides of the Indus-Yarlung Zangbo suture(ITS), but little difference on both sides of the older Bangong-Nujiang suture (BNS) and theJinsha River suture (JS) to its north. Obvious discrepancy exists between the anisotropy direc-tion and the superficial tectonic trends, which is not explicable directly by the coherent uppermantle deformation usually supposed to occur in consistency with the trend of a collisional belt.On the other hand, strong spatial relationships are observed from the anisotropy results, such asthe orthogonal directions of anisotropy on both sides of ITS and the good correlation betweenthe region of larger magnitude of anisotropy and the zone of inefficient Sn propagation ofQiangtang as well as the systematic rotation of the directions of anisotropy, which should testifysome much more complicated aspects of the continental convergence mechanism. To the best ofour data, we tend to suppose that the Qinghai-Tibet plateau might result from a mechanismcomplicated by the coexistence of Argand's underthrusting and Dewey's diffuse deformation.     

缓变型地球化学灾害:特征、模型和应用

“缓变型地球化学灾害”是通过长期积累而存在于土壤或沉积物中的包括重金属和有机污染物在内的环境污染物,因环境物理化学条件(例如温度、pH值、湿度、有机质含量等)的改变减小了环境容量,某种或某些形态的污染物大量地被重新活化和突然释放出来并造成严重生态和环境损害的灾害现象。这种灾害具有明显的特征,其定量数学模型可较完整地概括出环境系统从“干净”到“污染”再到“灾害”的整个过程,可以用于灾害的风险概率评估、预测、灾害爆发轨迹等方面的研究,为土壤污染防治和灾害预警提供了定量研究工具和可供实际采用的基本手段,对当前国土资源调查中的“生态环境地球化学评价”具有重要的借鉴意义。     

用人工神经网络进行空间不完备数据的插补

在地学研究中,特别是区域性资料处理过程中,常常遇到“不完备数据”的问题,即所谓的“数据不全”。在尽量减小估计误差的条件下对缺失数据进行预测或插补,对于充分利用历史资料和已知信息,提高预测质量具有重要意义。利用径向基人工神经网络(RBF)同时具有自组织神经网络和回归网络的优点,可以对缺失数据进行预测。实际区域地球化学数据处理的结果表明,RBF网络对空间不完备数据的建模和预测具有优异的效果。     

SHORT COMMUNICATION DYNAMIC HEADSPACE ANALYSIS:OPTIMIZATION OF TITRATION BY EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN

The dynamic headspace titration of the volatile constituents of the black truffle(Tuber Melanosporum)isplanned to be carried out with the new gas chromatographic device DCI using Tenax trapping.In thispaper the necessary optimization of the experimental factors which influence the desorption of thevolatiles from the sample and the adsorption on the trap is carried out by experimental design.The studyof the isoresponse curves makes it possible to determine the optimum conditions for a rapid titration ofhighest sensitivity and reproducibility,avoiding water trapping.     

SEDIMENTATION AND CONSOLIDATION OF A HIGH WATER CONTENT SOIL

I INTRODUCTIONHigh water coment soils are often at the centre of delicate industrial and environmental problems,particularly concerning the behaviour of port or estuary mud, and deposits at sea.In soil mechanics, an understanding of the behaviour of soils is based upon the concept of effectivestress proposed by Terzaghi (1936) and defined by the difference betWeen the total stress and the porepressure. Theoretical studies (Aleds et al., 1992) highlight the effective stress as the main co…