柴达木盆地东部上石炭统克鲁克组碎屑岩储层特征及控制因素

柴达木盆地上石炭统克鲁克组是该区重要的古生界勘探层位,组内发育多套良好的碎屑岩层。为探究其岩石物性特征及控制因素,本次以野外露头调查为基础,利用普通薄片、铸体薄片鉴定及扫描电镜等手段,结合物性测试和压汞资料,对克鲁克组碎屑岩纵向分布规律,储层岩性、物性、孔喉特征及孔隙类型进行分析。认为克鲁克地层中克2段发育的三角洲前缘亚相和克3段的具障壁海岸潮坪相的大套含砾粗砂岩、粗砂岩砂体原生、次生孔洞发育,孔喉大、分布集中、分选好,为有利的碎屑岩储层。早成岩期压实作用、重结晶及胶结作用对克鲁克组砂岩的原生孔隙破坏严重,晚成岩期储层改造形成的溶孔、裂缝—溶孔是油气成藏的主要储存空间。该研究为预测柴东石炭系克鲁克组油气有利区域提供依据,为今后该地区的油气勘探提供理论支撑。     

基于3S技术土地利用现状数据库更新方法探讨

本文研究了基于3S技术的1:1万土地利用现状更新调查的方法,针对其中遇到的若干问题进行了探讨,认为正射影像图制作时必须注意精度问题,影像解译采用自动分类与目视解译相结合的方法可以提高效率保证解译精度;外业调绘补测应该严把质量关,以保障整个工程的精度,外业调绘结果采用直接矢量化可以减少工作量,以减少误差;重新划分图斑号可以方便外业调查和今后土地管理工作;建议数据建库时采用地形图校正可以提高数据库的精度。     

基于包络检波和STFT谱分析的探地雷达土壤分层信息识别

土壤分层信息,特别是表土层结构,对土地生产力具有重要影响,是评价土壤质量的一个重要指标。为了快速、准确地获取土壤分层信息,本文利用探地雷达对分层土壤进行了回波信号采集,并分别在时域和频域分析土壤层位置和层厚信息。首先在信号预处理的基础上,借助包络检波方法确定在土壤分层界面在时域上的位置;然后获取电磁波速度,得到土壤分层厚度。考虑到土壤介电常数与电磁波在土壤中传播速度的相关性,采用短时傅里叶变换方法（Short-time Fourier Transform,STFT）获取各土壤层时频域特征值,并利用回归分析建立特征值与介电常数之间的数学关系,实现对各土壤层的介电常数估算,从而计算出电磁波传播速度,进而确定土壤各层厚度。为验证算法的有效性,分别对理想模拟实验环境和农田环境进行了探地雷达实验,结果表明利用包络检波对探地雷达回波信息进行分析,土壤层检出率达到94.5%,借助STFT谱分析进行探地雷达回波速度估计,对于70 cm深度以上土层厚度计算误差大都保持在10%以下,但随着土壤深度的增加,误差变大。总体来说,本方法能有效识别浅层土壤的分层信息,可应用于实际生产中耕层厚度的估测。     

Indosinian Supergene Karsts in the Qaidam Basin, NW China: Evidence from Paleo-tectonics, Paleoclimates and Paleo-fluids

In the Qaidam basin,Northwest China,karstic fissures and caves are developed in many places of the Lower Carboniferous Chengqianggou Fm.and Huaitoutala Fm.and the Upper Carboniferous Keluke Fm.,in which are found typical karstic marks.Several suites of transgressive carbonate rocks formed during the Late Paleozoic epoch are preserved as reservoir properties in the Qaidam basin,with paleokarst-related cave-fractured diagenetic structures,which provided the basis for cavefractured development.Carbonate and clastic samples covering or infilling caves and fractures in Carboniferous strata were collected in the eastern Qaidam basin to focus on petrological and geochemical analyses of karst and infilling materials.Based on this study of the Caledonian diagenetic sequence,and bitumen-infilled inclusion temperature and burial history,there existed a continuous atmospheric freshwater leaching process,which played a critical role in the construction of the Carboniferous supergene paleokarsts.Investigation and survey of the tectonic setting,plate paleolatitude and river development intensity also proves that there was abundant rainfall during the Indosinian period,after which the strata undergo a shallow burial process.Because Indosinian period is earlier than the key timing of hydrocarbon-generation of the Carboniferous source rocks,this kind of karst reservoir has potential significance for oil-gas resources in this area.     

A classification scheme for Earth’s critical zones and its application in China

As the thin layer at the Earth's terrestrial surface, the critical zone(CZ) ranges from the vegetation canopy to the aquifer or the interface between saprolite and bedrock and varies greatly in space. In the last decade, much attention has been paid to the establishment of Critical Zone Observatories(CZOs) that focus on various aspects of CZ science over different time scales. However, to the best of our knowledge, few studies have explicitly contributed to CZ classification or regionalization;thus, the spatial patterns of similar CZs have not been clearly identified. This study proposed a three-category CZ classification scheme by integrating environmental factors that greatly affect the transfer of energy and mass in the Earth's near-surface environment and thus dominate CZ formation and evolution, i.e., climate, parent material, soil type, groundwater table depth,geomorphology and land use. The main goal was to highlight the zonality of these driving forces, of which the high-category classification units were overlaid to delineate the CZ boundaries. The CZ regionalization of China was performed as a case study,resulting in 44 major regions(1 st category), 100 submajor regions(2 nd category) and 1448 regions(3 rd category). The spatial distributions and driving factors of the ten largest regions were identified, followed by a simple comparison of the CZO network.Then, the proposed CZ regionalization was compared with recent studies on regionalization in China to evaluate its successes and weaknesses. By linking together CZ studies from the last decade, we advocate that a theoretical framework integrating the CZ evolution processes with ecological functions acts as one of the frontiers of CZ science. Our study demonstrates that the proposed three-category CZ classification scheme effectively identifies the spatial variations in CZs and could thus be further applied in other areas to advance terrestrial environmental research and provide decision support for the sustainable management of natural resources.     

基于GIS的县城城区抗震防灾规划的编制1

当前我国许多县城正在进行抗震规划编制工作,本文结合地理信息系统(GIS),介绍了某县城城区抗震防灾规划的编制及基于GIS的抗震防灾决策系统的开发过程。根据对该规划区建筑物的震害预测,得出震后建筑物的破坏状况及经济损失、人员伤亡情况,为规划编制提供理论依据。     

耕地的弹性变形理论及实证研究

以耕地占补平衡制度实施为背景,引入弹性力学理论,探究了耕地的系统特征及其弹性变化理论,并以中国为例开展了实证。研究表明:(1)耕地系统的自组织特性决定了其弹性特征,并在不同应力条件下弹性变化具阶段性;(2)应用耕地弹性变形判别系数和判断规则对各省份分析后认为,浙江、福建、云南、贵州、陕西、北京、广东、广西等地维持长期耕地系统稳定性难度大,而新疆、内蒙古、黑龙江等后备资源丰富省区则可保持较高的系统稳定性;(3)2010年、2056年为我国耕地弹性变形阶段、塑性变形阶段和非稳定态变形阶段划分的时间节点。研究有助于警示我国应强化耕地资源量质保护和空间管制,促进社会经济和生态持续发展。     

基于黑土地保护目标的省级尺度土地类型划分研究——以黑龙江省为例

为提升对土地资源的质的了解程度,优化资源利用方式和方向,实现黑土地保护目标和“藏粮于地、藏粮于技”战略要求,以黑龙江省作为典型研究区域,考虑黑土地保护与利用需求,并借鉴地球关键带理念,从气候影响、地貌条件、地质条件、土壤特性、水文分布5个维度构建三级分类,基于GIS平台采用空间叠置法对主导因素中级分类进行叠加和综合,进行省级尺度土地类型划分。结果表明,黑龙江省共划分为39个土地类,2 121个土地型和4 945个土地组。黑龙江省土地类型单元较丰富,类型单元面积分布不均衡,低级单元相比高级单元属性更丰富,黑土区的土地类型单元呈现出不同的数量特征和空间分布特征。类型单元可反映区域的自然地理规律。空间组合结构上主要有对称式空间组合结构、重复式空间组合结构、镶嵌式空间组合结构3种结构形式。土地类型数量和结构呈现的规律性分布可为黑土地的农业生产布局优化奠定基础。     

中国北方埃迪卡拉纪冰碛岩及冰川作用

中国北方从东到西绵延3000 km范围上的华北克拉通、塔里木克拉通及其中间微地块上都保存有埃迪卡拉纪冰川沉积记录,但有关它的年代学、冰川规模、古地理重建和大地构造背景等存有争论。本文基于中国北方埃迪卡拉纪冰碛岩空间分布、地层与沉积层序,沉积环境与沉积相等,结合以往国内外文献,系统分析了埃迪卡拉纪冰川上述有关问题。研究揭示,埃迪卡拉纪时期,国内外应存在年轻于(Gaskiers)580 Ma的冰期;中国北方埃迪卡拉纪冰川时限约562.5～551 Ma,堆积了冰下、冰缘和冰前沉积相(物),构成垂向上(由下至上)从冰下至冰前与海相冰碛物沉积层序,符合大陆冰川(盖)沉积响应样式;此外,国内外埃迪卡拉纪冰碛岩及冰川剥蚀地貌均十分发育;部分冰碛岩之上还可见盖帽白云岩,并呈现与成冰纪盖帽白云岩类似的沉积构造,但彼此碳同位素剖面却不尽相同;本研究推测,埃迪卡拉纪时期,原特提斯洋及周缘大陆(群)可能普遍存在至少是洲际性大陆冰盖,甚至是全球性的冰期。研究认为,埃迪卡拉纪时期的亚洲陆块群应与冈瓦纳大陆缺乏构造亲缘性的若干重要证据。本文研究结果在埃迪卡拉纪大陆及其古地理重建和大地构造背景恢复方面具有重要科学意义...     

扬子克拉通西北缘成冰系冰川沉积特征和地层格架

扬子克拉通西北缘成冰系沉积学研究相对较少,大巴山城口地区更为薄弱,特别是成冰系木座组/明月组和代安河组是否存在冰川沉积缺乏详细的沉积学解释,制约了对扬子克拉通成冰纪沉积演化过程的理解,也不利于该时期地层格架的厘定和区域对比。本文选择城口地区四个典型成冰系剖面开展精细地层学和沉积学解剖,识别出了发育冰川擦痕砾石、坠石和冰下软沉积变形等冰川沉积标志,证明代安河组和木座组/明月组为冰川成因,并划分出陆相冰川、冰缘和海相冰川等沉积相类型。进而依据岩石组合、沉积特征、上下地层结构、地化指标(如化学蚀变指数等)和碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄等特征将代安河组二分,一段对比古城组,二段对比大塘坡组,木座组/明月组对比南沱组。在此基础上开展了区域对比,重新厘定扬子克拉通西北缘成冰系的地层格架,认为其可与相邻神农架以及扬子克拉通东南缘对比。恢复了城口—神农架地区成冰系沉积演化过程：斯图特冰期发育着由冰海至陆地再至冰海的冰川进退旋回,随后间冰期的广泛海侵形成了碳质粉砂质泥岩为代表的潟湖环境;随着全球气温再次下降引发马雷诺冰期,经历了多次从冰海近缘至冰海远缘的冰川沉积动态演化过程,并伴随有冰盖打开最终至成冰纪结束。研...