Exfoliation of kaolinite by urea-intercalation precursor and microwave irradiation assistance process

A type of exfoliated kaolinite was produced by urea-intercalation and original microwave irradiation assisted method. The product was investigated by Fourier transformation infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electronic microscopy (SEM), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) and laser particle analysis techniques. FT-IR spectra show that NHCO molecule exists in the intercalated kaolinite. XRD analyses indicate that the kaolinite sheet-like structure was disordered after microwave irradiation. The urea decomposition process and explosion effect between the sheet-like structures of kaolinite under microwave irradiation were discussed. The SEM and BET analyses reveal that the end product is exfoliated kaolinite with thin particles and increased surface area. Size and zeta potential analyses show that the particle size distribution is between 250 nm and 550 nm with normal distribution and the particle is negatively charged. In comparison with the conventional grind method, the process adopted appears to be economic and the exfoliated kaolinite end product may display a significantly enhanced performance in industrial applications.     

低平流层准两年变率研究

分析ＮＣＡＲ／ＮＣＥＰ４０年分析资料得出,赤道低平流层纬向风年际变率的平均周期约２８．２个月,最大振幅的２０ｈＰａ,西（东）风距平平垂直下传平均速度１．２１（１．０４）ｋｍ／月。用１０ｈＰａ和７０ｈＰａ月平均纬向风标准化距平之差反映整层准两年变率的相位。低平流层两半球中纬气温有与之配合的振荡,西（东）风切变时,中纬气温偏低（高）。赤道纬向风准两年变率引起的经圈环流异常是联系低续续向风与中纬气温准年     

韧性剪切带糜棱岩类质量平衡分析——以豫西秦岭群蛇尾剪切带为例

蛇尾剪切带中糜棱岩的质量平衡分析表明:(1)以Al_2O_3守恒为限制条件,该剪切带损失了10％土的质量和体积,糜棱岩类有Na_2O,Zr,Sr的获得;SiO_2,TiO_2,FeO,Fe_2O_3,MgO,MnO,CaO,K_2O及Co,Ni,V,Cr,Cu,Y则损失了;(2)从初糜棱岩-糜棱岩,初糜棱岩-超糜棱岩和糜棱岩-超糜棱岩得出的质量等比线显示,糜棱岩类之间没有明显的质量和体积损失。糜棱岩组分的得失主要发生在初糜棱岩阶段,同初糜棱岩相比,糜棱岩、超糜棱岩有CaO的获得,FeO,MgO,TiO_2,Cr,Co,V,Y微弱的获得,Na_2O则有轻微的损失。     

青藏高原古里雅冰帽冰碛和冰水沉积物粒度特征及其意义

冰冻圈演化不仅与青藏高原水塔变化、地表侵蚀风化及荒漠化密切相关,还深刻影响着亚洲季风系统和全球气候,冰碛物的粒度组成可以为冰冻圈演化提供重要信息,但高原冰碛物的特征粒度组成及其形成机理仍不清楚,高原冰碛物与高原冷黄土及河湖沉积物的关系也不明确。为此,选择青藏高原最大的冰帽——古里雅冰帽的冰碛物及系列冰水沉积物,开展系统粒度组成研究。研究发现:自终碛到冰川前端冰水扇及下游河流冰水沉积均表现出特征的双峰模态,即1～3φ(500～125μm)的中细砂峰和6～8φ(16～4μm)的细粉砂峰,前者可能由冰川压碎、寒冻风化崩裂作用造成,后者由冰川研磨作用形成,并受到源区基岩岩性软弱和组成颗粒大小的影响。冰川磨蚀的细粉砂组分含量,从冰碛物经冰水扇、河流到湖滩沉积物整体呈现减小趋势,粗粉砂在湖滩沉积中几乎完全被风吹走,粗粉砂直接成为下游黄土的物源并富集其中成为黄土特征组分,水流分选在开口湖泊中产生粗、细粉砂的明显富集,这些证据揭示出,无论是与冰川发育相关的尾闾湖沉积还是近源、远源的青藏高原及周边黄土沉积,其粉砂组成和来源,均可为高原冰冻圈的形成演化提供重要信息。     

基于地震反演方法的奥陶系顶部含隔水层探测

在山西阳泉泊里矿区,太原组K₂灰岩是15号煤层上部主要的含水层,查明其富水分布特征对上下组煤层安全开采至关重要。为了准确得到K₂灰岩的富水分布区域,首先,利用常规的波阻抗反演获取精确的K₂灰岩空间展布特征。然后,结合皮尔逊相关系数法与交叉验证−逐步回归法优选出9种地震属性,构成网络的训练数据。此外,引入适合于时序数据处理且能够捕捉测井曲线前后相关性的长短期记忆神经网络(LSTM),构建智能化、多变量LSTM视电阻率预测模型,以精确地预测研究区视电阻率进而得到地层富水性分布特征。同时,分别利用常规多属性回归算法与多变量LSTM模型在井点位置建立电阻率测井曲线与地震属性井旁道之间的映射关系。最后,将井点处训练好的网络模型推广至无井区得到全区视电阻率体,根据视电阻率值的高低、矿区地质构造与陷落柱发育情况圈定灰岩富水区。实际数据的测试结果表明：与常规多属性回归算法相比,多变量LSTM模型预测误差小,与测井相关系数高,说明多变量LSTM模型可以更加精确地预测出工区视电阻率,在含煤地层的富水性预测中有较好的应用价值。\t\t\t\t

     

基于激波捕捉类Boussinesq模型对岛礁地形上波浪传播的数值模拟

为了探究激波捕捉类Boussinesq模型在模拟岛礁地形上规则波和不规则波传播的可行性,采用基于完全非线性Boussinesq方程并具有激波捕捉能力的数值模型Funwave-TVD对规则波和不规则波在岛礁地形上的传播进行了数值模拟,通过与试验数据对比,分析模型中空间步长的影响,验证模型在模拟波高、平均水位分布以及波谱空间演变的能力,结果表明:采用合适的空间步长,模型能较好地模拟规则波和不规则波在岛礁地形上的传播和演化过程。对于规则波,较小的空间步长可改善破碎点处波高峰值的预测,并能更好地预测波浪破碎后波高的空间分布,相比结合经验破碎的Boussinesq模型,Funwave-TVD能更好地模拟规则波在岛礁地形上的破碎,以及破碎以后行进涌波的再生成过程;对于不规则波,Funwave-TVD总体而言能较好地模拟涌浪有效波高、次重力波的生成及空间演化和平均水位,但会低估礁坪上次重力波波高,较粗的空间步长也会低估礁坪上涌浪有效波高。     

北京的地质环境系统划分

北京位于中国地貌第二级台阶与第三级台阶的过渡带,山地为太行山(西山)与燕山(北山)的交汇之地,平原为华北平原的西北隅,山地和平原两大地貌单元造就两大地质环境系统。山地地质环境系统分为:西山南部碳酸盐岩区、中部火山岩区、北部碳酸盐岩区,北山西部松散沉积物区、中部岩浆岩区、东部变质岩区、东南部碳酸盐岩区。平原地质环境系统分为:山前岛状残丘区、拒马河冲洪积扇区、大石河冲洪积扇区、永定河冲洪积扇区、北运河洪积扇群区、北运河洪积扇群溢出带区、潮白河冲洪积扇区、蓟运河冲洪积扇区。     

Study on the Effects of Land Surface Heterogeneitiesin Temperature and Moisture on Annual Scale Regional Climate Simulation

The ``combined approach', which is suitable to represent subgrid land surface heterogeneity in both inter-patch and intra-patch variabilities, is employed in the Biosphere/Atmosphere Transfer Scheme (BATS) as a land surface component of the regional climate model RegCM3 to consider the heterogeneities in temperature and moisture at the land surface, and then annual-scale simulations for 5 years (1988--1992) were conducted. Results showed that on the annual scale, the models response to the heterogeneities is quite sensitive, and that the effect of the temperature heterogeneity (TH) is more pronounced than the moisture heterogeneity (MH). On the intraannual scale, TH may lead to more (less) precipitation in warm (cold) seasons, and hence lead to larger intraannual variability in precipitation; the major MH effects may be lagged by about 1 month during the warm, rainy seasons, inducing ～6% more precipitation for some sub-regions. Additionally, the modeled climate for the northern sub-regions shows larger sensitivities to the land surface heterogeneities than those for the southern sub-regions. Since state-of-art land surface models seldom account for surface intra-patch variabilities, this study emphasizes the importance of including this kind of variability in the land surface models.     

CAS FGOALS-g3 Model Datasets for the CMIP6 Scenario Model Intercomparison Project(ScenarioMIP)

This paper describes the datasets from the Scenario Model Intercomparison Project(ScenarioMIP) simulation experiments run with the Chinese Academy of Sciences Flexible Global Ocean–Atmosphere–Land System Model,GridPoint version 3(CAS FGOALS-g3). FGOALS-g3 is driven by eight shared socioeconomic pathways(SSPs) with different sets of future emission, concentration, and land-use scenarios. All Tier 1 and 2 experiments were carried out and were initialized using historical runs. A branch run method ...     

北京百年地质调查的传承与发展——《北京市区域地质志》修编

北京是中国地质调查的"摇篮",1913年成立地质调查所。1916年开始北京西山地质调查,1920年出版第一部地质调查专著《北京西山地质志》,民国时期"燕山运动"的提出和"北京猿人"的发现为影响世界的地质调查成果。解放后,北京率先实现1∶5万区域地质调查的全覆盖,1991年出版《北京市区域地质志》。2013—2015年修编第二版《北京市区域地质志》,为了突出北京的城市地质特色,增加"城市地质"篇章和"北京市基岩地质图",为京津冀协同发展服务。今后,北京的地质调查将以天安门为中心部署展开,建立8个监测预警预报系统,实现从地质找矿为中心向地质环境调查为中心转变,从资源调查向多参数调查转变,从平面地质调查向三维地质调查转变。