青藏高原东北侧干旱的数值试验

用谱方法（Ｔ４２）求解半球球面无辐散正压涡度方程,采用实际的干旱环流资料,分别在有地形和无地形的情况下,求出其对应的干旱环流型的强迫场,模拟了在强迫场的作用下干旱环流的形成、维持情况及在强迫场消失后干旱环流型的崩溃情况。结果表明：（１）强迫场在干旱环流型的形成、维持及崩溃过程中起重要作用;（２）青藏高原的存在使其东北侧干旱形成和崩溃均加快。     

江淮流域夏季典型旱涝年大气中的水汽输送和收支

该文利用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料对中国东部区域1991年和1994年这两个夏季旱涝典型年的降水状况、水汽输送及收支状况等进行了综合定量对比分析,结果表明:江淮流域夏季旱涝形势的形成更多地取决于流经其上的东西向水汽输送的变化。南亚夏季风强弱的变化对江淮流域的旱涝形成可能具有更为重要的影响。中国东部夏季的偏西水汽输送主要来自西南地区西边界,江淮流域夏季干旱年该地区西边界的水汽输入明显比洪涝年减少,因而在未来的中国东部旱涝预测中要特别重视西南地区西边界的水汽输送状况。     

中国洪水灾害风险区划及其成因分析

洪涝灾害发生过程中观测数据多源异构（遥感影像、社交媒体文本、地理信息数据等）,难以利用互补优势融合应用于风险评估和提供决策知识。研究基于多模态数据的洪涝灾害知识图谱构建方法,融合抽取遥感影像与社交媒体文本知识,形成多模态洪涝灾害知识图谱。基于自顶向下的方法细分领域概念,构建洪涝灾害领域本体层。通过深度残差全卷积神经网络对遥感影像进行智能解译,利用地理逆编码将影像解译信息转化为文本,实现影像信息到文本知识的转化。基于命名实体识别技术与关系抽取技术对社交媒体文本数据进行知识抽取。通过训练词向量,利用语义相似度计算关联文本知识与影像知识,实现多模态数据知识统一表达。以中国湖北省洪涝灾害为例,该方法将多源异构的数据高效转化为知识并进行关联,形成领域知识图谱,实现了多源异构数据到多模态知识的转化。在灾害不同时期提供相应应急措施,并且通过关联农业受灾面积、农作物类型、农作物价值实现湖北省洪涝灾害评估。该方法结合深度遥感解译、文本知识抽取技术以及语义相似度计算,实现了多源异构数据到多模态知识的转化。

     

新疆地区表土孢粉空间分布规律研究

中国新疆地区表土花粉研究结果展示了干旱区主要孢粉的空间分布规律,大部分表土花粉属种的地理空间分布与含量与相应植物的分布区域基本一致,藜科、蒿属、麻黄属及木本植物云杉属、桦木属等花粉普遍呈超代表性,柽柳属花粉呈低代表性。干旱区主要草灌木表土花粉数据的聚类分析结果可以基本反映本区植物群落的主要生态组合类型。主成分分析进一步表明该区草本和灌木花粉分布主要受水文和湿度等因素控制。     

基于细粒岩石类型对玛湖凹陷下二叠统风城组烃源岩分类评价

准噶尔盆地玛湖凹陷风城组页岩油勘探取得巨大突破,但是按照普遍认可的页岩油烃源岩评价标准,本区的烃源岩品质并不理想。为了科学评价玛湖凹陷烃源岩品质特征,本文在系统的岩心观察和有机地球化学分析的基础上,揭示烃源岩的形成环境,并按照矿物组成对烃源岩分类评价。玛湖凹陷风城组细粒岩主要沉积于正常半深湖、咸化半深湖、半咸化半深湖、含热液半深湖和滨浅湖环境中,各环境中细粒岩的有机质特征存在一定区别,其中半咸化半深湖有机质较为富集,w(TOC)均值在1%左右。进一步结合有机质类型判别图解,表明咸化半深湖和含热液半深湖有机质来源以湖泊生物为主,而其他环境中存在湖泊和陆源混合有机质来源。基于有机质生烃潜力评价和成熟度(V_re=0.74%)估算,表明目前风城组烃源岩中有机质正处于大量排烃的成熟阶段,且确定了细粒岩中的烃类为原生烃。由于不同矿物组成的烃源岩吸附能力的差异,按照陆相泥质烃源岩和碳酸盐质烃源岩开展分类评价,结果表明风城组沉积了累计厚度近250 m的的有效烃源岩,且富含以藻类体为主的有机质。     

哈尔滨市地下水中29种抗生素分布特征研究

当前对抗生素滥用监管及其研究正在加强,近年来中国主要水域中抗生素均有不同程度的检出,地表水及地下水中抗生素的污染状况持续受到关注。因进入环境中的抗生素种类繁多、结构复杂,一般实验室难以实现同时分析多种类抗生素。本文在哈尔滨市共采集地下水样品26组,采样范围包括人口密集、工业生产、农畜业等生活生产地区。利用超高效液相色谱-三重四极杆串联质谱联用技术分析了样品中的磺胺类、喹诺酮类、大环内酯类、β-内酰胺类、四环素类、林可酰胺类等6大类共29种典型抗生素含量,研究了哈尔滨市地下水中典型抗生素的检出及分布状况。结果表明：①哈尔滨市地下水中6大类典型抗生素均有不同程度检出,其中以磺胺类、喹诺酮类、大环内酯类、四环素类为主,检出率分别为61.5%、46.2%、42.3%、38.5%;②哈尔滨市地下水检出的抗生素含量范围在0.02~612ng/L之间,其中磺胺噻唑、磺胺嘧啶、林可霉素检出的最高浓度超过100ng/L,相比于国内外部分地区（如中国北京、天津,西班牙巴塞罗那）喹诺酮类整体含量偏低;③检出抗生素含量较高的采样点位主要分布在城市的中部、南部和东部地区,这些区域也是该市人口相对密集区,且附近普遍分布有制药厂、家禽牲畜养殖厂、城市排污口等。由此揭示了哈尔滨市城市地下水中抗生素分布特征受人类生产生活活动影响且具有明显的相关性。     

Population genetics of Sargassum horneri (Fucales, Phaeophyta) in China revealed by ISSR and SRAP markers

Sargassum horneri is a common brown macro-alga that is found in the inter-tidal ecosystems of China. To investigate the current status of seaweed resources and provide basic data for its sustainable development, ISSR (inter simple sequence repeat) and SRAP (sequence related amplified polymorphism) markers were used to analyze the population genetics among nine natural populations of S. horneri. The nine studied populations were distributed over 2 000 km from northeast to south China. The percentage of polymorphic loci P% (ISSR, 99.44%; SRAP, 100.00%), Nei’s genetic diversity H (ISSR, 0.107-0.199; SRAP, 0.100-0.153), and Shannon’s information index I (ISSR, 0.157-0.291; SRAP, 0.148-0.219) indicated a fair amount of genetic variability among the nine populations. Moreover, the high degree of gene differentiation G st (ISSR, 0.654; SRAP, 0.718) and low gene flow N m (ISSR, 0.265; SRAP, 0.196) implied that there was significant among-population differentiation, possibly as a result of habitat fragmentation. The matrices of genetic distances and fixation indices (F st ) among the populations correlated well with their geographical distribution (Mantel test R=0.541 5, 0.541 8; P=0.005 0, 0.002 0 and R=0.728 6, 0.641 2; P=0.001 0, 0.001 0, respectively); the Rongcheng population in the Shandong peninsula was the only exception. Overall, the genetic differentiation agreed with the geographic isolation. The fair amount of genetic diversity that was revealed in the S. horneri populations in China indicated that the seaweed resources had not been seriously affected by external factors.     

The Characteristic Patterns of Macrofaunal Fouling Assemblages in Nearshore Waters of the South China Sea

The spatio-temporal patterns of macrofaunal fouling assemblages were quantitatively investigated in the nearshore waters of the South China Sea. The work was undertaken by deploying seasonal panels at two sites (H-site, L-site) for one year, and the fouling communities on the panels were examined and analyzed. The results indicated that species composition of assemblages was obviously different between the two sites. At both sites the assemblages were characteristic with solitary dominant species throughout the year, with Amphibalanus reticulates dominating at H-site and Hydroides elegans at L-site. Shannon index and biomass of the assemblages varied with depth and season at both sites. At H-site the total biomass in summer and autumn were significantly higher than those in spring and winter, while at L-site the assemblage biomass also differed significantly among the four seasons, and the greatest biomass occurred at the depth of 2.0 m in winter. The abundance of all seasonal samples in non-metric multidimensional scaling was clustered as one group at L-site and three groups at H-site. The environmental factors were more likely to be related to the variation of fouling assemblages. Furthermore, it also suggests that in tropical seas the integrated adaptability would qualify a species for dominating a fouling assemblage despite its short life cycle, rather than the usually assumed only species with long life span. This study reveals the complexity and characteristic dynamics of macrofaunal fouling assemblages in the tropical habitats, and the results would provide valuable knowledge for biodiversity and antifouling research.     

莱州湾早全新世高黏粒软土工程地质特征及岩相古地理

依据工程地质调查、土工试验、~(14)C测年及古生物鉴定,从莱州湾滨海地区的早全新世高黏粒软土中识别出3种古地理沉积环境。分析发现,软土黏粒含量高、呈暗色调,属埋藏型。颗粒级配、压缩模量等物理力学指标差异则指示了同期异相沉积软土的工程地质特征。采取Q型聚类分析,将莱州湾早全新世高黏粒软土划分为下三角洲相沉积软土、潮平相沉积软土、湖沼相沉积软土。通过统计分析,掌握了滨海区软土工程地质特性,为合理选取土工试验参数提供沉积学依据,为合理利用天然地基提供参考。     

坑式钢管静压桩在地基加固中的应用

坑式钢管静压桩是解决既有建筑物因软弱土层地基产生沉降变形的一种技术方法。针对山西北化关铝化工有限公司质检楼地基沉降变形及工程地质条件,提出了采用坑式钢管静压桩进行加固处理的设计方案,介绍了坑式钢管静压桩施工方案和施工流程及注意事项;总结了施工过程中遇到的问题,并对施工后的监测数据进行了分析。结果表明,坑式钢管静压桩施工对软弱地基加固效果良好,可成功地解决软弱土层产生的地基沉降开裂问题。