Facets of the geography of population in the Midwest

"This paper explores four selected facets of the geography of population in the [U.S.] Midwest that are related to the movement of people: (1) the spread of occupance across the land; (2) the growth of the population of counties once they had been occupied; (3) the distribution of the foreign-born population; and (4) the distribution of retired people who have migrated after they have retired."     

Measurement of DNA single-strand breaks in gill and hemolymph cells of mussels, Mytilus sp., collected on the French Atlantic Coast

DNA single-strand breaks were measured by the comet assay in both gill and hemolymph cells of mussels collected in 3 sampling areas of the French coast (Pointe du Castelli, Pen Bron and Saint-Nazaire Harbour). Whole mussel tissue samples were also collected for the chemical determination of PAH, PCB and heavy metal concentrations. In mussel, a higher level of DNA strand breaks was measured in gill than in hemolymph cells (p < 0.01). Despite a factor of contamination from 2 to 3 between sites, no difference in the extent of mussel DNA strand breaks was shown between sampling locations (p > 0.05), questioning the sensitivity of the assays used in biomonitoring studies.     

北美斑岩矿床的某些时空分布特征

斑岩矿床可能是北美研究最深入的一类矿床.但是,正如对斑岩岩浆及有关金属的来源一样,对地幔、俯冲、洋壳、大陆壳、前寒武纪克拉通的作用还存在着争论.矿床空间分布的有关方面,比如斑岩矿区相对于克拉通的位置值得注意.美国的斑岩矿床分布于克拉通上,而加拿大的则远离克拉通位于增生地体内.矿床之间的时间联系同样要注意.在美国西南部,许多铜矿的平均年龄为65Ma,而钼矿为25Ma;在蒙大拿州和爱达荷州中部,钼矿床平均年龄为55Ma,而蒙大拿Butte铜矿为75Ma.加拿大斑岩矿化的主要成矿期为:Cu200~175Ma和90~20Ma;Mo60~50Ma.不列颠哥伦比亚省中部的两个钼矿形成于140Ma和102Ma.总之,加拿大的Cu、Mo矿平均年龄明显早于在     

国际地震中心的发展简史及其在国际地震资料交换中的作用

国际地震中心(ISC)是一个国际性的非政府机构,建立的目的是搜集世界范围的地震信息,包括仪器记录数据和宏观地震资料。通过对这些数据的分析,可得到全球尺度上的最精确和最完全的地震位置和震级。这些地震的震源位置、震相数据和宏观地震资料,均在地震发生后两年之内以月刊和半年一次目录的形式出版。这些数据也存储在计算机磁带上,其最后结果是一部详细的世界地震史。由于我们正在书写一部特殊的历史——地球的地震历史,所以有必要回顾一下 ISC 是怎样随时间发展的、它的功能是怎样不断改进的。我还要说明     

由多个小地震推断的华北地区构造应力场的方向

利用1966——1978年间华北地区区域地震台记录的5级以下地震的初动方向,通过求平均节面解推断出13个分区的地壳构造应力场的主应力轴方向.通过数值试验论证了利用多个断层面随机取向的地震的 P、B、T 轴推断构造应力主轴方向的可能性.讨论了在推断构造应力场方向时,利用多个小地震资料比利用大地震资料所具有的优越性.用尝试法对所有可能解的三维参数空间以555的间隔进行了扫描搜索,改进了扫描方法,节省了计算时间.      

Delineating depth to bedrock beneath shallow unconfined aquifers: a gravity transect across the Palmer River Basin

In view of the increasing demand on ground water supplies in the northeastern United States, it is imperative to develop appropriate methods to geophysically characterize the most widely used sources of ground water in the region: shallow unconfined aquifers consisting of well-sorted, stratified glacial deposits laid down in bedrock valleys and channels. The gravity method, despite its proven value in delineating buried bedrock valleys elsewhere, is seldom used by geophysical contractors in this region. To demonstrate the method's effectiveness for evaluating such aquifers, a pilot study was undertaken in the Palmer River Basin in southeastern Massachusetts. Because bedrock is so shallow beneath this aquifer (maximum depth is 30 m), the depth-integrated mass deficiency of the overlying unconsolidated material was small, so that the observed gravity anomaly was on the order of 1 milligal (mGal) or less. Thus data uncertainties were significant. Moreover, unlike previous gravity studies elsewhere, we had no a priori information on the density of the sediment. Under such circumstances, it is essential to include model constraints and weighted least-squares in the inversion procedure. Among the model constraints were water table configuration, bedrock outcrops, and depth to bedrock from five water wells. Our procedure allowed us to delineate depth to bedrock along a 3.5 km profile with a confidence interval of 1.8 m at a nominal depth of 17 m. Moreover, we obtained a porosity estimate in the range of 39% to 44%. Thus the gravity method, with appropriate refinements, is an effective tool for the reconnaissance of shallow unconfined aquifers.