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排序方式: 共有402条查询结果,搜索用时 21 毫秒
1.
S. C. Trager Guy Worthey S. M. Faber Alan Dressler 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2005,362(1):2-8
We present numerical investigations into the formation of massive stars from turbulent cores of density structure ρ∝ r −1.5 . The results of five hydrodynamical simulations are described, following the collapse of the core, fragmentation and the formation of small clusters of protostars. We generate two different initial turbulent velocity fields corresponding to power-law spectra P ∝ k −4 and P ∝ k −3.5 , and we apply two different initial core radii. Calculations are included for both completely isothermal collapse, and a non-isothermal equation of state above a critical density (10−14 g cm−3 ) . Our calculations reveal the preference of fragmentation over monolithic star formation in turbulent cores. Fragmentation was prevalent in all the isothermal cases. Although disc fragmentation was largely suppressed in the non-isothermal runs due to the small dynamic range between the initial density and the critical density, our results show that some fragmentation still persisted. This is inconsistent with previous suggestions that turbulent cores result in the formation of a single massive star. We conclude that turbulence cannot be measured as an isotropic pressure term. 相似文献
2.
A coupled deterministic hydrological and water temperature model, CEQUEAU, was modified to include soil temperature and crown closure in its calculation of local advective terms in the heat budget. The modified model was than tested to verify its sensitivity to these modifications. An analysis of the heat budget of a small forested catchment in eastern Canada revealed that the advective term related to interflow plays a significant role in the daily water heat budget, providing on average 28% of the local advective budget (which also includes advective heat terms from surface runoff and groundwater) and nearly 14% of the total heat budget (which includes all radiative terms at the water surface, convection and evaporation, as well as the local advective terms). Relative sensitivity indices (RSIs) were used to verify the impact of the newly introduced parameters and variables. Among them, parameters related to the forest cover (crown closure and leaf area index) have a maximum RSI of ?0·6; i.e. a 100% increase in value produces a 60% decrease in the local advective term. Parameters with the greatest influence are the volume of water contributing to interflow and the amplitude of the net radiative flux at the soil surface, which, if doubled, would double the contribution of the local interflow advective term to the heat budget. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
3.
Eloïse Gaillou Aurlien Delaunay Benjamin Rondeau Martine Bouhnik-le-Coz Emmanuel Fritsch Guy Cornen Christophe Monnier 《Ore Geology Reviews》2008,34(1-2):113
Seventy-seven gem opals from ten countries were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) through a dilution process, in order to establish the nature of the impurities. The results are correlated to the mode of formation and physical properties and are instrumental in establishing the geographical origin of a gem opal. The geochemistry of an opal is shown to be dependant mostly on the host rock, at least for examples from Mexico and Brazil, even if modified by weathering processes. In order of decreasing concentration, the main impurities present are Al, Ca, Fe, K, Na, and Mg (more than 500 ppm). Other noticeable elements in lesser amounts are Ba, followed by Zr, Sr, Rb, U, and Pb. For the first time, geochemistry helps to discriminate some varieties of opals. The Ba content, as well as the chondrite-normalized REE pattern, are the keys to separating sedimentary opals (Ba > 110 ppm, Eu and Ce anomalies) from volcanic opals (Ba < 110 ppm, no Eu or Ce anomaly). The Ca content, and to a lesser extent that of Mg, Al, K and Nb, helps to distinguish gem opals from different volcanic environments. The limited range of concentrations for all elements in precious (play-of-color) compared to common opals, indicates that this variety must have very specific, or more restricted, conditions of formation. We tentatively interpreted the presence of impurities in terms of crystallochemistry, even if opal is a poorly crystallized or amorphous material. The main replacement is the substitution of Si4+ by Al3+ and Fe3+. The induced charge imbalance is compensated chiefly by Ca2+, Mg2+, Mn2+, Ba2+, K+, and Na+. In terms of origin of color, greater concentrations of iron induce darker colors (from yellow to “chocolate brown”). This element inhibits luminescence for concentrations above 1000 ppm, whereas already a low content in U (≤ 1 ppm) induces a green luminescence. 相似文献
4.
Geneviève Bordeleau Richard Martel Dirk Schäfer Guy Ampleman Sonia Thiboutot 《Environmental Geology》2008,55(2):385-396
Numerical modelling was done at the Cold Lake Air Weapons Range, Canada, to test whether the dissolved RDX and nitrate detected
in groundwater come from the same sources, and to predict whether contamination poses a threat to the surface water receptors
near the site. Military live fire training activities may indeed pose a risk of contamination to groundwater resources, however
field investigations on military bases are quite recent, and little information is available on the long-term behaviour of
munition residues related contaminants. Very limited information was available about the contaminant source zones, which were
assigned based on our knowledge of current training activities. The RDX plume was well represented with the model, but the
heterogeneous distribution of nitrate concentrations was more difficult to reproduce. It was nonetheless determined that both
contaminants originate from the same areas. According to the model, both contaminants should reach the nearby river, but concentrations
in the river should remain very low if the source zone concentration does not change. Finally, the model allowed the recommendation
of a new location for the main bombing target, which would offer added protection to the river and the lake into which it
flows. 相似文献
5.
Guy Pautot 《Marine Geophysical Researches》1970,1(1):61-84
Sommaire La région étudiée s'étend au large du massif des Maures, du massif de l'Estérel, des chaînes calcaires provençales et de la bordure alpine (Figure 1). Cette partie de la marge continentale médíterranéenne a été étudiée dans l'optique de la géodynamique en appliquant un ensemble de méthodes géophysiques, géologiques, sédimentologiques et géochimiques.La Méditerranée est l'objet de nombreuses études générales et son histoire tectonique est encore très discutée. Les relations entre la zone centrale (zone A) et les massifs terrestres géologiquement bien connus peuvent aider à la compréhension du cadre structural. L'étude très détaillée présentée ici concerne la marge continentale au large de la Côte d'Azur. Une étude bathymétrique préliminaire avec des profils espacés d'un mille marin a permis de définir un plateau continental peu étendu, une pente continentale abrupte (10–20°) avec des blocs continentaux effondrés. De nombreux canyons empruntent des accidents anciens qui ont rejoué.Des profils en série de sismique continue (Sparker et air gun) ont permis de délimiter la zone A qui comporte de nombreux dômes, de suivre des accidents majeurs, et de montrer des phénomènes sédimentaires et de néotectonique très importants (glissements, effondrements). Ces profils ont été calés avec 50 carottages. Un effondrement de plus de 1000 m depuis le Pliocène a été mis en évidence.La structure profonde a été abordée avec une étude de magnétométrie marine. La synthèse des résultats de sismique réfraction, de gravimétrie et de magnétométrie fait apparître un bombement du manteau sous la zone A avec abaissement rapide de la discontinuité de Moho sous la marge, la présence de volcans enfouis au Sud d'Antibes et de grands accidents de direction NS et EW.L'intérêt de ces résultats a semblé suffisamment important pour qu'un point de cette zone soit proposé pour le programme de forage JOIDES en Méditerranée.
Maintenant au Centre Océanologique de Bretagne, B.P. 337, 29 Brest, France. 相似文献
This paper deals with the region off the Maures and Estérel Massifs, the Provence calcareous ranges and the Alpine border (Figure 1). This portion of the Mediterranean continental margin has been investigated with the classical methods used in the geosciences: geophysics, geology, sedimentology, geochemistry.Many general studies are dealing with the Mediterranean and its tectonical history is still controversial. The relationship between the central zone (zone A) and the geologically well-known land massifs could help in understanding the structural framework. The present detailed study concerns the continental margin off Côte d'Azur. A relatively narrow continental shelf, a steep continental slope (10–20°) with collapsed continental blocks are defined by preliminary bathymetric studies with a spacing of one nautical mile. Many submarine canyons follow former faults which have been rejuvenated.A series of seismic reflection profiles (sparker and air-gun) provide limits for zone A (with many domes), allow tracing major faults and display important sedimentary and neotectonic processes (sliding, foundering). These profiles have been scaled with 50 cores. Evidence is brought forward for a local subsidence of over 1000 m. The deep structure has been investigated with marine magnetic methods. The results from seismic refraction, gravity and magnetics show a swell of the mantle beneath zone A, with a steep dipping of the M discontinuity under the margin, buried volcanoes south of Antibes and great faults striking NS or EW.These results seem to be important enough to propose a place in this zone of the Mediterranean as a JOIDES drilling site.
Maintenant au Centre Océanologique de Bretagne, B.P. 337, 29 Brest, France. 相似文献
6.
Floating and grounded peat plateaus were studied in fens in the Yukon Territory (Canada). The peat deposit may be over 4 m thick and consists of a lower bed of aquatic peat overlain by humic fen peat, mesic fen peat and woody peat. Permafrost in the grounded peat plateaus is older than the 1200 year old White River Ash, whereas permafrost in the floating peat plateau is younger.Peat accumulation rates since 1200 years B.P. were greater in the fens (85–100 cm) than on the surface of the peat plateaus (25–55 cm). Where the peat plateau is free-floating, it will persist until the climate changes, causing the icy core to thaw. Where the peat plateau is frozen to the mineral substrate, it slowly drowns since the fen peat accumulates faster than the woody peat. This drowning results in degradation of the landform independently of the climate. Only degradation of floating peat plateaus can be used to identify climatic changes.This publication is the first paper in a series of papers presented at the session on Past Climatic Change and the Development of Peatlands at the ASLO and SWS Meetings in Edmonton, Canada, May 30–June 3, 1993. Dr. P. Kuhry and Dr S. C. Zoltai are serving as Guest Editors. 相似文献
7.
In order to better understand condensation processes that took place in the solar nebula and to evaluate the effect of kinetics on the condensed matter, we have built an experimental apparatus for studying condensation of multi-elemental refractory gases at high-temperature and low-pressure. The condensation of a Mg-Si-rich gas, with solar interelement ratios of Ca, Al, Mg and Si, and of a Ca-Al-rich gas under a total pressure of ∼4 × 10−3 bar at temperatures from 1045 to 1285 °C and for run times of 4-60 min results in direct formation of crystalline oxides or silicates such as corundum, spinel, anorthite, melilite, Al-diopside, forsterite and enstatite. The mineralogy of the condensates, close to that predicted at equilibrium, varies with the duration of an experiment and the temperature of condensation. The chemical reactions between gas and condensates are rapid enough to attain a steady state in less than one hour. The condensation results in chemical fractionation of the gas, i.e. a depletion of the gas in refractory elements at high temperature. Finally, besides revealing the textures of refractory crystals, which condense from a gas of complex chemical composition, this study shows that certain phases, such as spinel, have favored kinetics of condensation. Our experimental results confirm that refractory inclusions in primitive meteorites could have formed by condensation from a hot nebular gas. Similarly, we confirm that crystalline grains can condense at high temperature in the outflows of evolved stars. In both cases, our results indicate that kinetic processes certainly influence grain mineralogy. Kinetic processes must thus be taken into account in modeling the pressure-temperature conditions of circumstellar environments. 相似文献
8.
Nicolas Pouvreau Belén Martin Miguez Bernard Simon Guy Wöppelmann 《Comptes Rendus Geoscience》2006,338(11):802-808
The work of searching, recovering and quality control of ancient sea-level measurements at Brest is presented. This work enables us to complete a study carried out by Cartwright in 1972, which showed a decrease in the tidal M2 semi-diurnal amplitude of 1% per century. After including these ancient data, as well as the last four decades of observations in the analysis, our results show an increase of the amplitude of M2 after 1960 and a decrease before 1880, suggesting a long-period oscillation rather than a steady secular trend. To cite this article: N. Pouvreau et al., C. R. Geoscience 338 (2006). 相似文献
9.
Design of a groundwater pumping and treatment system for a wood-treatment facility adjacent to the tidally influenced Fraser
River estuary required the development of methodologies to account for cyclic variations in hydraulic gradients. Design of
such systems must consider the effects of these cyclic fluctuations on the capture of dissolved-phase contaminants. When the
period of the cyclic fluctuation is much less than the travel time of the dissolved contaminant from the source to the discharge
point, the hydraulic-gradient variations resulting from these cycles can be ignored. Capture zones are then designed based
on the average hydraulic gradient determined using filter techniques on continuous groundwater-level measurements. When the
period of cyclic fluctuation in hydraulic gradient is near to or greater than the contaminant travel time, the resulting hydraulic-gradient
variations cannot be ignored. In these instances, procedures are developed to account for these fluctuations in the capture-zone
design. These include proper characterization of the groundwater regime, assessment of the average travel time and period
of the cyclic fluctuations, and numerical techniques which allow accounting for the cyclic fluctuations in the design of the
capture zone.
Electronic Publication 相似文献
10.
The distribution of Sarcocornia pillansii (Moss) A.J. Scott was determined by water-table depth and electrical conductivity (EC) of the groundwater. Where the groundwater was accessible (<1.5 m) and had a low EC (<80 mS cm−1), S. pillansii extended its roots down to the water-table where a suitable water potential gradient was shown to exist between the soil and roots. In areas where the groundwater was too deep and/or hypersaline, the plants grew on hummocks. The unconfined aquifer below the floodplain is linked to the estuary and although diurnal tidal waves were dampened, water-table level fluctuations were recorded between tidal events. The complex geomorphology of the floodplain influences groundwater flow, in turn affecting the distribution of the salt marsh vegetation. 相似文献