济南市长清区暴雨洪涝灾害风险区划

基于自然灾害形成机理及风险评估原理,利用济南市长清区气象数据、自然地理和社会经济等数据,建立起致灾因子危险性、孕灾环境敏感性、承灾体易损性和防灾减灾能力4个评价指标,采用加权综合评价法和层次分析法,借助GIS空间分析技术,对暴雨灾害风险性进行评价和等级划分,并绘制出长清地区暴雨灾害综合风险区划图。结果显示:长清区暴雨灾害综合风险性分布空间性强,无明显的地域分布界限,东部高于其它地区。暴雨灾害高综合风险区分布面积较为分散且最小,占全区总面积的14.60%;中综合风险区主要分布在高综合风险区的外围,占全区总面积的30.31%;轻、低综合风险区分别占全区总面积的20.72%和34.37%。     

Strategies for managing reservoir sedimentation

Sediment deposition in reservoirs has caused the loss of 66% of the reservoir capacity in China. The main sedimentation control strategies are： 1） storing the clear water and releasing the turbid water; 2） releasing turbidity currents; 3） Draw-down flushing and empty flushing; and 4） dredging, The paper summarizes these strategies with examples. Sediment transport in many Chinese rivers occurs mostly during the 2-4 month flood season, that is, 80-90% of the annual sediment load is transported with 50-60% of the annual runoff. By storing the clear water after the flood season and releasing the turbid water during the flood season, less sediment deposits in the reservoir while the reservoir is still able to store enough water for power generation in the low flow season. The Three Gorges and Sanmenxia reservoirs apply this strategy and control sedimentation effectively. Turbidity currents have become the main sedimentation control strategy for the Xiaolangdi Reservoir. Empty flushing involves reservoir draw-down to temporarily establish riverine flow along the impound reach, flushing the eroded sediment through the outlets. Case studies with the Hengshan Reservoir and Zhuwo Reservoir are presented. Jet dredgers have been used to agitate the reservoir deposit so that the deposit is released from the reservoir with currents. The sediment releasing efficiency is 30-100% for storing the clear and releasing the turbid; 6-40 % for turbidity current; and 2,400-5,500% for empty flushing. Empty flushing causes high ecological stress on the ecosystem to the downstream reaches. Storing the clear and releasing the turbid is the best strategy to control reservoir sedimentation while achieving hydro-power benefit and maintain ecological stability.     

Fluid-melt Inclusions in Fluorite of the Huanggangliang Skarn Iron-Tin Deposit and Their Significance to Mineralization

For the first time, fluid-melt inclusions are found in fluorite of the Huanggangliang skarn iron-tin deposit (HSID). The fluorite was formed in the main stage of mineralization, named the hydro-skarnization stage. The inclusions contain various components such as Fe, Mg and Cr from deep sources. The melts of primary inclusions are mainly Ca- and F-rich and those of secondary inclusions tend to become Si-rich. During this evolution process, the melts and iron daughter minerals decreased and even vanished. These facts reveal that the evolution of the primary mineralizing fluids and the differentiation of the fluids and melts are the main factors leading to the deposition of Fe, Sn and other elements. This discovery confirms the magmatic genesis of the HSID and has filled in the gaps in the research of magmatogenic skarn deposits and furnished new methods for such research. Furthermore, it has enlarged the scope of the research on fluid inclusions.