Egg production of Calanus finmarchicus—A basin-scale study

Egg production of Calanus finmarchicus was studied during joint basin-scale surveys in April–June 2003 in the Norwegian Sea. Surveys covered the whole Norwegian Sea and were conducted from Norwegian, Icelandic and Faroese research vessels. Stations were classified as being in pre-bloom, bloom or post-bloom phase according to levels of chlorophyll a and nitrate. Individual egg production rates and population egg production rates were calculated and compared between areas. Both individual egg production rates (eggs female⁻¹ day⁻¹) and population egg production rates (eggs m⁻² day⁻¹) were significantly higher in bloom areas compared with pre-bloom and post-bloom areas. However, when integrated over an estimated duration of the three phases, the time-integrated egg production (eggs m⁻²) in most years was highest in the pre-bloom phase, and this was explained by the longer duration of this phase compared with the two other phases.     

农业集聚对农业面源污染的影响——基于中国地级市面板数据门槛效应分析

农业集聚的环境效应相比其他产业更为复杂,然而学术界对此探讨较少。在理论分析的基础上,利用2007—2015年中国337个地级市面板数据,核算农业集聚水平与农业面源污染排放量,并采用空间分析技术、计量模型,实证探究农业集聚与农业面源污染的时空特征及农业集聚对农业面源污染的门槛效应。结果显示：① 农业集聚与COD、TN、TP三种农业面源污染在时序变化、空间布局、空间关联以及空间趋势变化上特征相异。② 农业集聚对COD、TN、TP农业面源污染皆呈现正相关的单门槛效应。低于门槛值阶段,农业集聚水平的提高显著加剧了农业污染,集聚水平跨过门槛值后,污染加剧形势有所缓和。③ 农业集聚与农业面源污染之间经历的两个阶段,取决于规模效应、结构效应、技术效应、社会效应、累积效应分别对农业面源污染排放的加剧与制约作用。随着农业集聚水平提高,各效应增污作用明显,导致污染水平显著提高,进入高于门槛值的阶段,各效应对污染排放的抑制能力提升,削弱了部分负环境外部效应。④ 农业经济水平、农业生产条件在一定程度上加剧了COD、TN、TP污染;畜牧业结构、环境规制对COD、TP污染存在显著的正相关关系;生产者素质的提高可以影响农户生产行为并改善农业环境。⑤ 农业集聚对COD污染的降污效应较弱,农业COD污染较为严重且主要来源于畜牧业养殖,畜牧业污染防治亟待加强。     

Evolution Characteristics of Government-Industry-University-Research Cooperative Innovation Network for China’s Agriculture and Influencing Factors: Illustrated According to Agricultural Patent Case

Under the special background of China, the cooperative innovation between different government-industry-university-research institutes plays an increasingly important role in the agricultural field. However, the existing literature has paid little attention to it. Considering the cooperation patents, published in the agriculture field stemming from the Full-text Database of China Patents as the study object, the spatial and institutional attribute of the authors as the data source, and by combining the social network and spatial econometrics analysis, this paper analyzes the structure evolution characteristics of cooperative innovation networks of agricultural government-industry-university-research institute in the city level of China in 1985–2014, based on the triple helix theory, with the influence factors discussed. This shows that, 1) since 1985, China's agricultural innovation level has been substantially increased, but the development degree of the cooperative innovation network is low, and the patent cooperation mainly relies on authors in the same unit; 2) enterprises play a leading role in the agricultural cooperative innovation. The effect of the government and hybrid organizations driven by the government is not obvious; 3) the cooperative innovation in the province and city dominates, and a multi-pole pattern has been formed. The cooperative innovation network structure evolves from a single helix empty core and double helix multi core to a double helix hierarchical network; 4) the city's science, education funding and personnel investment are key factors determining the agricultural cooperative innovation, while the agricultural development of the city presents slight negative impacts on it. The spatial mismatch of supply and demand is present in the technical cooperative innovation of China's agriculture. Therefore, the science enhancement and education investment to big agricultural provinces should be promptly implemented.     

The garnet-clinopyroxene Fe-Mg geothermometer — a reinterpretation of existing experimental data

Experimental data on the partitioning of Fe²⁺ and Mg between garnet and clinopyroxene (Råheim and Green 1974; Mori and Green 1978; Ellis and Green 1979) have been used to construct a new expression for the garnet-clinopyroxene geothermometer, including a curvilinear relationship between In Kd and X _Ca(ga): T(°C)=((-6173(X_Ca)²+6731 X _Ca+1879 +10 P(kb))/(lnKd+1.393))–273Application of this geothermometer to a suite of samples of eclogites and associated omphacite-garnet-bearing gneisses from the uppermost allochthon within the North Norwegian Caledonides shows that the calculated temperatures do not vary with rather great variations in the mg number of the garnet (0.17–0.54) and Na content of the clinopyroxene (0.11–0.44). Temperatures below 900° C calculated using the present equation are somewhat lower than those obtained by the method of Powell (1985), the difference being larger for lower temperatures and lower values of X _Ca.     

Sydney's Ethnic Geography: New approaches to analysing patterns of residential concentration

Most studies of ethnic residential segregation in Australian cities have used single-measure indices of dissimilarity and segregation, which access the degree of unevenness between two maps. Segregation is a multi-dimensional concept, however, and in this paper we introduce an alternative way of measuring residential concentration which incorporates several of the key dimensions. The procedure is illustrated using birthplace and language-used-at-home data for collection districts in metropolitan Sydney in 1996. Results show no evidence of extreme spatial concentration of ethnic groups.     

Temperature and pressure dependence of Fe-Mg partitioning between garnet and phengite,with particular reference to eclogites

Experimental data combined with data from natural rocks have been used to calibrate a geothermometer based on the distribution of Fe²⁺ and Mg between coexisting garnets and phengites. The pressure effect on the K _D -value appears to be considerable. The calculated thermometer is expressed as $$T(K) = \frac{{3685 + 77.1P(kb)}}{{InK_D + 3.52}}.$$ The use of this \(K_{D_{(FeO/MgO)} }^{ga + ph}\) geothermometer on eclogites with low Fe₂O₃ content, gives P-T values which are in good accordance with those obtained by other methods. The problems that arise when Fe³⁺ is present in larger amounts, are discussed.     

Petroleum geoscience in Norden - exploration, production and organization

Offshore exploration in Norway and Denmark-in the North Sea, the Norwegian Sea and the Barents Sea-has involved drilling about 850 wildcat wells, resulting in about 300 oil and gas finds, of which 84 are fields with production. The recoverable resources of all these finds total about 65 billion barrels of oil equivalent. Almost all these hydrocarbons come from a Jurassic source and the main reservoirs and traps are Jurassic sandstones in fault blocks and Paleocene sandstones or Cretaceous chalks in gentle domes. The article describes four major fields-Ekofisk, Gullfaks, Ormen Lange and SnФhvitto illustrate some of the many challenges in developing and producing the hydrocarbons.
Elsewhere in Norden, there has been much less exploration. Drilling results have mostly been negative in mainland Sweden, onshore Denmark, onshore Svalbard and on- and offshore West Greenland. Minor oil finds have been made in Palaeozoic rocks in the Baltic Sea. The first wells have recently been drilled off the Faroe Islands, resulting in one discovery. No drilling has taken place on- or offshore East Greenland.
As a result of the hydrocarbon activities in Norway and Denmark, petroleum geoscience there has flourished, with 2000 geoscientists currently employed in the industry, many technical innovations made, a wealth of publically available information and a great increase in the understanding of the geology.     

Late Holocene lake level dynamics inferred from magnetic susceptibility and stable oxygen isotope data: Lake Elsinore, southern California (USA)

Southern California faces an imminent freshwater shortage. To better assess the future impact of this water crisis, it is essential that we develop continental archives of past hydrological variability. Using four sediment cores from Lake Elsinore in Southern California, we reconstruct late Holocene (3800 calendar years B.P.) hydrological change using a twentieth-century calibrated, proxy methodology. We compared magnetic susceptibility from Lake Elsinore deep basin sediments, lake level from Lake Elsinore, and regional winter precipitation data over the twentieth century to calibrate the late Holocene lake sediment record. The comparison revealed a strong positive, first-order relationship between the three variables. As a working hypothesis, we suggest that periods of greater precipitation produce higher lake levels. Greater precipitation also increases the supply of detritus (i.e., magnetic-rich minerals) from the lake's surrounding drainage basin into the lake environment. As a result, magnetic susceptibility values increase during periods of high lake level. We apply this modern calibration to late Holocene sediments from the lake's littoral zone. As an independent verification of this hypothesis, we analyzed ¹⁸O_(calcite), interpreted as a proxy for variations in the precipitation:evaporation ratio, which reflect first order hydrological variability. The results of this verification support our hypothesis that magnetic susceptibility records regional hydrological change as related to precipitation and lake level. Using both proxy data, we analyzed the past 3800 calendar years of hydrological variability. Our analyses indicate a long period of dry, less variable climate between 3800 and 2000 calendar years B.P. followed by a wet, more variable climate to the present. These results suggest that droughts of greater magnitude and duration than those observed in the modern record have occurred in the recent geological past. This conclusion presents insight to the potential impact of future droughts on the over-populated, water-poor region of Southern California.     

Influence of the Andes Mountains on South American moisture transport, convection, and precipitation

Mountain ranges are known to have a first-order control on mid-latitude climate, but previous studies have shown that the Andes have little effect on the large-scale circulation over South America. We use a limited-domain general circulation model (RegCM3) to evaluate the effect of the Andes on regional-scale atmospheric dynamics and precipitation. We present experiments in which Andean heights are specified at 250 m, and 25, 50, 75, and 100% of their modern values. Our experiments indicate that the Andes have a significant influence on moisture transport between the Amazon Basin and the central Andes, deep convective processes, and precipitation over much of South America through mechanical forcing of the South American low-level jet (LLJ) and topographic blocking of westerly flow from the Pacific Ocean. When the Andes are absent, the LLJ is absent and moisture transport over the central Andes is mainly northeastward. As a result, deep convection is suppressed and precipitation is low along the Andes. Above 50% of the modern elevation, a southward flowing LLJ develops along the eastern Andean flanks and transports moisture from the tropics to the subtropics. Moisture drawn from the Amazon Basin provides the latent energy required to drive convection and precipitation along the Andean front. Large northerly moisture flux and reduced low-level convergence over the Amazon Basin leads to a reduction in precipitation over much of the basin. Our model results are largely consistent with proxy evidence of Andean climate change, and have implications for the timing and rate of Andean surface uplift.     

Misperceptions of global climate change: information policies

Previous experimental studies have found that people generally misperceive the basic dynamics of renewable resources, and in particular the accumulation of greenhouse gases (GHGs) in the atmosphere. The purpose of the present laboratory experiment is to find out why people misperceive the dynamics of CO₂ accumulation and how misperceptions could be avoided. Using a simulator, 242 subjects were each asked to control total global emissions of CO₂ to reach a given target for the stock of CO₂ in the atmosphere. Consistent with previous investigations we find a strong tendency for people to overshoot the stated goal. Furthermore, our results point out that people need help to develop proper mental models of CO₂ accumulation and they need motivation to reconsider inappropriate decision heuristics. Based on these results and the literature on conceptual change a new information strategy is designed. To motivate, it imposes cognitive conflict; and to facilitate new understanding, it provides simple analogies. A new test shows promising learning effects. The results have important implications for the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), governments, and media covering the climatic change issue as well as for general education.