Upward continuation of the deflections of the vertical by spherical integral formulas

Zusammenfassung In dieser Arbeit werden sph?rische Integralformeln für die Fortsetzung auf der Kugel gegebener Lotabweichungskomponenten ξ, η in den Au?enraum gegeben.

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Address: Hardenbergstrasse 34, 1 Berlin 12.     

Le témoignage paléoclimatique de quelques formations paléopédiques dans leur rapport avec la sédimentologie

Sommaire L'auteur propose une classification des paléosols en 5 catégories principales: Sols reliques autochtones, Sols enterrés autochtones, Pseudopaléosols allochtones. Sols mixtes ou Hétérosols, Pédolithes. Il insiste sur le fait que le terme de paléosol est trop souvent appliqué à des formations allochtones qui proviennent du remaniement d'anciens sols, ce qui conduit à des interprétations paléoclimatiques erronnées. Le temps de formation d'un paléosol autochtone, et le temps de son remaniement, peuvent Être séparés l'un de l'autre par une ou mÊme plusieurs périodes géologiques. Il arrive mÊme généralement que le climat du deuxième temps soit exactement à l'opposé de celui du premier temps, par suite d'une rhexistasie ayant succédé à une période de biostasie. Beaucoup de déductions paléoclimatiques qu'on a voulu tirer des paléosols ont pu ainsi donner lieu à des méprises qui s'expliquent d'autant plus facilement que les observations sont généralement faites par des non-pédologues qui ne sont pas suffisamment préparés à faire les distinctions qui s'imposent.

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Summary The author proposes a classification of paleosoils which divides them into 5 main categories: Autochtonic relic soils, autochtonic buried soils, Allochtonic pseudopaleosoils, Superposed soils or heterosoils, Pedolithes. He stresses the fact that the word paleosoil is too often applied to allochtonic formations originating from older reworked soils; this use leads to erroneous paleoclimatic interpretations. The time of formation of an autochtonic paleosoil and the time of its reworking can be separated frome one another by one or even several geological periods. In general it even occurs that the climate of the second time is exactly contrary to the climate of the first time, because a rhexistasis followed a period of biostasis. Many paleoclimatic deductions which were drawn from paleosoils have thus led to misjudgments. This is even more understandable since the observations are generally made by non-pedologists, not sufficiently prepared to make the indispensable distinctions.

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Zusammenfassung Der Autor schlägt folgende Gliederung der Paläoböden vor: begrabene Böden, autochthone Reliktböden, allochthone Böden oder Pseudopaläoböden, Pedolithe oder allochthone, durch Diagenese umgewandelte Böden. Es wird darauf hingewiesen, da\ man umgelagertes Bodenmaterial zu oft als autochthone Paläoböden betrachtet, was zu einer irrigen paläoklimatischen Interpretation führt. Denn die Zeit, zu der sich der Paläoböden bildete, und die Zeit seiner Umlagerung können durch eine oder sogar mehrere geologische Perioden voneinander getrennt sein. Es kann sogar vorkommen, da\ der 2. Zeitabschnitt ein Klima bezeugt, das genau das Gegenteil des Klimas der Paläoböden-Bildung darstellt, z. B. infolge einer Rhexistasie, die einer Zeit der Biostasie folgt. Zahlreiche paläoklimatologische Folgerungen scheinen aus diesem Grund falsch zu sein. übrigens erklärt sich das zum gro\en Teil dadurch, da\ gewöhnlich der grö\te Teil der Beobachtungen von Nicht-Pedologen gemacht wird: sie können die Kriterien, welche die Unterscheidung der verschiedenen Kategorien der Paläoböden erlauben, nicht genügend beurteilen.

     

Groundwater behaviour in Tenerife,volcanic island (Canary Islands,Spain)

Tenerife is the largest of the seven Canary Islands, encompassing an area of 2,058 km². It is situated in the Atlantic Ocean between 16–17°W longitude and 28–29°N latitude. The topography of the island is characterized by generally steep slopes. The Teide Volcano has an elevation of 3,718 m. Precipitation is caused mainly by invasions of maritime polar air. Maximum mean precipitation recorded for 25-year period (1940–1965) is 1,000 mm.The fractured volcanic aquifer of the Old Basaltic Series is the main supplier of groundwater in Tenerife. Smaller quantities of groundwater are supplied by the Cañadas Series and minor amounts by alluvial sediments. Groundwater compartments develop in areas of dikes and contacts between permeable and impermeable zones. These compartments are irregular in volume, shape, and structure. The groundwater system forms a tortuous chain of compartments. Water circulates from one groundwater compartment to another through secondary fractures and other permeable elements which branch and intersect. Fractures which extend to the surface play an important role in recharge.The hydrologic system at Tenerife is characterized by three zones: the upper vadose, the lower vadose, and the saturated zone. In both the upper and lower vadose zones the dominant direction of flow is vertical, while in the saturated zone flow is generally oblique toward the sea.     

Bayesian Modeling and Inference for Geometrically Anisotropic Spatial Data

A geometrically anisotropic spatial process can be viewed as being a linear transformation of an isotropic spatial process. Customary semivariogram estimation techniques often involve ad hoc selection of the linear transformation to reduce the region to isotropy and then fitting a valid parametric semivariogram to the data under the transformed coordinates. We propose a Bayesian methodology which simultaneously estimates the linear transformation and the other semivariogram parameters. In addition, the Bayesian paradigm allows full inference for any characteristic of the geometrically anisotropic model rather than merely providing a point estimate. Our work is motivated by a dataset of scallop catches in the Atlantic Ocean in 1990 and also in 1993. The 1990 data provide useful prior information about the nature of the anisotropy of the process. Exploratory data analysis (EDA) techniques such as directional empirical semivariograms and the rose diagram are widely used by practitioners. We recommend a suitable contour plot to detect departures from isotropy. We then present a fully Bayesian analysis of the 1993 scallop data, demonstrating the range of inferential possibilities.