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Abstract. Six macrobenthic assemblages of the circalittoral zone found in Strymonikos Gulf, North Aegean Sea, are described and compared with the corresponding ones from other Mediterranean and Atlantic areas. For the delimination of these assemblages and the evaluation of the major environmental gradients governing their distribution, several numerical techniques were used. 相似文献
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Patrick J. Lynett Jose C. Borrero Philip L.-F. Liu Costas E. Synolakis 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》2003,160(10-11):2119-2146
— The Papua New Guinea (PNG) tsunami of 1998 is re-examined through a detailed review of the field survey as well as numerous numerical computations. The discussion of the field survey explores a number of possible misinterpretations of the recorded data. The survey data are then employed by a numerical model as a validation tool. A Boussinesq model and a nonlinear shallow water wave (NLSW) model are compared in order to quantify the effect of frequency dispersion on the landslide-generated tsunami. The numerical comparisons indicate that the NLSW model is a poor estimator of offshore wave heights. However, due to what appears to be depth-limited breaking seaward of Sissano spit, both numerical models are in agreement in the prediction of maximum water elevations at the overtopped spit. By comparing three different hot-start initial profiles of the tsunami wave, it is shown that the initial shape and orientation of the tsunami wave is secondary to the initial displaced water mass in regard to prediction of water elevations on the spit. These numerical results indicate that agreement between numerical prediction of runup values with field recorded values at PNG cannot be used to validate either a NLSW tsunami propagation model or a specific landslide tsunami hot-start initial condition. Finally, with the use of traditional tsunami codes, a new interpretation of the PNG runup measurements is presented. 相似文献
4.
— We use simple physical models to evaluate and compare the orders of magnitude of the energy generated into a tsunami wave by seismic dislocations and underwater slumps. We conclude that the two sources can generate tsunamis of comparable total energy. However, the slumping source is shown to be fundamentally dipolar in nature, which results in a low-frequency deficiency in the far-field. These simple conclusions corroborate the interpretation of the 1998 Papua New Guinea tsunami as being generated by an underwater slump. 相似文献
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Summary A comparison of the solar flux in January and February with the United States national temperature does not show any evident connection during the period 1952–1987. However, when the data are separated according to the east or west phase of the quasi-biennal oscillation (QBO) in the equatorial stratosphere the following phenomenon is found. When the QBO was in its west phase the U.S. national temperature is negatively correlated with the solar flux cycle; the opposite holds true for the east phase of the QBO.With 2 Figures 相似文献
7.
Since the completion of the network in January 1983, the electric field of the earth has been continuously monitored at four sites near Thessaloniki, the capital of northern Greece. From the present study and from previous investigations by similar measurements in Greece, it is evident that transient changes of the electrotelluric field occur prior to earthquakes. The analysis of these electric forerunners leads in many cases to a successful prediction of the epicentral area, the magnitude and the time of the impending event. Predictions prior to regional earthquakes are issued and documented with telegrams.From November 1983 until the end of May 1984 twelve earthquakes (ML > 3.5) occurred in the vicinity of Thessaloniki. Ten of these were predicted and warnings given by telegram, whereas two smaller seismic events were missed. Two additional predictions were unsuccessful. Independent of their magnitudes, predicted events took place within a time window of 6 hrs to 6 days after the observations of the electrotelluric anomalies. The accuracy of the predicted epicenters in eight cases is better than 100 km, which corresponds roughly to the mean distance between the electric stations. Magnitude estimates deviate by less than 0.5 magnitude units from the seismically observed ones.Considering the two largest earthquakes, it is shown that the probability of making each of these predictions by chance is of the order of 10−2. 相似文献
8.
Field survey of the 1994 Mindoro Island,Philippines tsunami 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Fumihiko Imamura Costas E. Synolakis Edison Gica Vasily Titov Eddie Listanco Ho Jun Lee 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1995,144(3-4):875-890
This is a report of the field survey of the November 15, 1994 Mindoro Island, Philippines, tsunami generated by an earthquake (M=7.0) with a strike-slip motion. We will report runup heights from 54 locations on Luzon, Mindoro and other smaller islands in the Cape Verde passage between Mindoro and Luzon. Most of the damage was concentrated along the northern coast of Mindoro. Runup height distribution ranged 3–4 m at the most severely damaged areas and 2–4 in neighboring areas. The tsunami-affected area was limited to within 10 km of the epicenter. The largest recorded runup value of 7.3 m was measured on the southwestern coast of Baco Island while a runup of 6.1 m was detected on its northern coastline. The earthquake and tsunami killed 62 people, injured 248 and destroyed 800 houses. As observed in other recent tsunami disasters, most of the casualties were children. Nearly all eyewitnesses interviewed described the first wave as a leading-depression wave. Eyewitnesses reported that the main direction of tsunami propagation was SW in Subaang Bay, SE in Wawa and Calapan, NE on Baco Island and N on Verde Island, suggesting that the tsunami source area was in the southern Pass of Verde Island and that the wave propagated rapidly in all directions. The fault plane extended offshore to the N of Mindoro Island, with its rupture originating S of Verde Island and propagating almost directly south to the inland of Mindoro, thereby accounting for the relatively limited damage area observed on the N of Mindoro. 相似文献
9.
Yoshinobu Tsuji Fumihiko Imamura Hideo Matsutomi Costas E. Synolakis Puspito T. Nanang Jumadi Satoshi Harada Se Sub Han Ken'ichi Arai Benjamin Cook 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1995,144(3-4):839-854
A field survey of the June 3, 1994 East Java earthquake tsunami was conducted within three weeks, and the distributions of the seismic intensities, tsunami heights, and human and house damages were surveyed. The seismic intensities on the south coasts of Java and Bali Islands were small for an earthquake with magnitudeM 7.6. The earthquake caused no land damage. About 40 minutes after the main shock, a huge tsunami attacked the coasts, several villages in East Java Province were damaged severely, and 223 persons perished. At Pancer Village about 70 percent of the houses were swept away and 121 persons were killed by the tsunami. The relationship between tsunami heights and distances from the source shows that the Hatori's tsunami magnitude wasm=3, which seems to be larger for the earthquake magnitude. But we should not consider this an extraordinary event because it was pointed out byHatori (1994) that the magnitudes of tsunamis in the Indonesia-Philippine region generally exceed 1–2 grade larger than those of other regions. 相似文献
10.
A note on the intercornparison between monthly mean radiance equivalent and rocketsonde temperatures
Prof. C. S. Zerefos C. Varotsos C. Repapis 《Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics》1983,32(1-2):129-134
Summary Rocketsonde monthly mean temperature structure of the stratosphere is compared with that derived from Nimbus-5 SCR radiance measurements for the solsticial months in 1973 and for the equinoctial months in 1974. The comparison shows good agreement only at pressure levels between about 5 mb and 15 mb (upper-middle stratosphere). The satellite minus rocket bias is highest at the stratopause region possibly due to the constraints applied in retrieving the radiance equivalent temperatures.
With 2 Figures 相似文献
Über einen Vergleich zwischen Monatsmittelwerten von strahlungsäquivalenten Temperaturen und Temperaturen von Raketensonden
Zusammenfassung Die mit Raketensonden gewonnene mittlere monatliche Temperaturstruktur der Stratosphäre wird mit der aus Strahlungsmessungen von Nimbus-5 SCR abgeleiteten für die Monate Juni und Dezember 1973 und für März und September 1974 verglichen. Der Vergleich zeigt eine gute Übereinstimmung nur in den Druckniveaus zwischen 5 mb und 15 mb, das ist in der oberen mittleren Stratosphäre. Die Differenz zwischen den mit Satelliten und den mit Raketensonden gewonnenen Temperaturen ist am größten in der Stratopausenregion, möglicherweise zufolge der zur Ableitung der strahlungsäquivalenten Temperaturen angewendeten Methode.
With 2 Figures 相似文献