Contamination source detection in water distribution networks using belief propagation

Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment - We present a Bayesian approach for the Contamination Source Detection problem in water distribution networks. Assuming that contamination is...     

Broad distribution of crystal-field environments for Nd<Superscript>3+</Superscript> in calcite

Calcite crystals were grown from solution with single-crystal dimensions up to 3 mm and doped up to 0.1 at% with Nd³⁺ ions. Phase purity was verified by powder X-ray diffraction. The concentration of Nd³⁺ was measured by energy-dispersive spectrometry and Rutherford backscattering spectrometry. Micro X-ray fluorescence mapping of the calcite grains indicates uniform Nd distribution in as-grown crystal grains. X-ray absorption fine structure suggests that Nd³⁺ is substituted for Ca²⁺ with local lattice distortion. Temperature-dependent near-infrared spectroscopy of Nd³⁺ impurities in calcite reveals large inhomogeneous linewidths and smooth line profiles that are characteristic of glassy hosts, though the samples are well crystallized.