Land cover mapping using time series HJ-1/CCD data

It is very difficult to have remote sensing data with both high spatial resolution and high temporal frequency; thus, two categories of land-use mapping methodology have been developed separately for coarser resolution and finer resolution data. The first category uses time series of data to retrieve the variation of land surface for classification, which are usually used for coarser resolution data with high temporal frequency. The second category uses fine spatial resolution data to classify different land surface. With the launch of Chinese satellite constellation HJ-1in 2008, four 30 m spatial resolution CCDs with about 360 km coverage for each one onboard two satellites made a revisit period of two days, which brought a new type of data with both high spatial resolution and high temporal frequency. Therefore, by taking the spatiotemporal advantage of HJ-1/CCD data we propose a new method for finer resolution land cover mapping using the time series HJ-1/CCD data, which can greatly improve the land cover mapping accuracy. In our two study areas, the very high resolution remote sensing data within Google Earth are used to validate the land cover mapping results, which shows a very high mapping accuracy of 95.76% and 83.78% and a high Kappa coefficient of 0.9423 and 0.8165 in the Dahuofang area of Liaoning Province and the Heiquan area of Gansu Province respectively.     

新疆511铀矿床7号采区U-Se-Re-Mo等元素分布特点

Re、Se是中国急需的紧缺矿种,对国家的资源战略与环境安全保障具有重要影响。新疆伊犁盆地511矿床在开采铀的过程中,发现了Re、Se和Mo等元素存在富集的现象。文章以511矿床7号采区为例,采取野外地质调查与室内分析测试及综合研究相结合的技术路线,以探求Re、Se、Mo等元素的分布特点及其与U元素富集之间的关系。研究表明,Re和Se在空间上与砂岩铀矿体密切共生,说明在511矿床中矿源等条件具备的情况下,7号采区内的层间氧化作用促使Re和Se富集成矿,证实了511铀矿床中与U密切相关的Se、Re等元素具有线状分布的特点。     

全球地磁感应测深数据三维反演

全球地磁感应测深能获得地幔转换带及下地幔上部的导电结构.但目前稀疏的地磁台站分布及部分台站的观测数据稳定性较差,影响了三维反演对地下电性结构的分辨力和反演可靠性.为此,区别于传统的L2-范数反演方法,本文提出并实现了基于L1-范数的地磁测深响应三维反演技术.在反演中,利用L1-范数度量数据预测误差,降低"飞点"数据的影响,将相关系数较小的C-响应估计也纳入反演数据中.三维正演模拟采用球坐标系下的交错网格有限差分法,反演采用有限内存拟牛顿法.文中利用指数概率密度分布函数构造非高斯噪声的合成数据,并采用棋盘模型对反演方法的可靠性进行了验证.之后,我们将本文提出的三维反演方法用于全球129个地磁观测台站的C-响应数据反演,结果表明在地幔转换带深部,中国东北地区为高导电异常,南欧和北非则均为高阻;夏威夷在900km以下为高导;菲律宾海及以东地区在转换带表现为明显的高阻,这些结果与前人研究结果一致.由于采用了更多的台站数据,我们的反演结果还发现一些新的异常:南美洲南端,转换带表现为明显的高导;澳大利亚东南部,地幔转换带深部,也存在一个明显的高导异常,这些异常分布和地震层析成像的低速区一致.因此,L1-范数三维反演能够充分利用全球C-响应数据信息,提高地磁测深对地球深部电性结构的分辨能力,更好的研究全球地幔电性结构.     

海洋效应对中国沿海地磁观测影响——以广州台站为例

以广州台站为例,研究海洋效应对中国沿海地磁观测C-响应的影响.海洋效应的三维正演模拟采用球坐标系下交错网格有限差分方法,假设磁层环形电流源,正演电阻率结构模型采用"地表3-D电导+1-D层状背景"复合模型.数值模拟结果表明,中国地区沿海C-响应受海洋效应影响明显.在空间上,沿海岸线方向,受海洋效应影响,单周期的C-响应由无海洋效应的常值变形为平行于海岸线的等值线密集梯度带;在垂直海岸方向,海洋效应影响向内陆减小,其影响可达哈尔滨-贵阳一线.海洋效应影响采用比值法进行校正,以广州台站为例,在比值曲线上发现海洋效应对C-响应的影响最大周期可达20天左右,并且就中国沿海而言,相对全球平均一维模型,利用中国地区平均一维电导率模型作为背景模型的海洋效应校正结果更加合理.进一步对广州台站海洋效应校正前后的C-响应进行了1-D反演,由于校正前的C-响应在小周期时受海洋效应特别大,直接反演无法拟合数据;但校正后反演拟合明显变好,得到的1-D导电模型表明广州地区上地幔及地幔转换带的电阻率比中国平均电阻率高约一个量级,推测中国华南地区南部的地幔转换带可能处于相对冷的环境,该模型可能成为菲律宾海板块西向俯冲并滞留到华南大陆下方地幔转换带的电性证据.     

Base level change and depositional filling response of Jurassic in the Qiangtang Basin of Tibet

The base level during the deposition of Jurassic in the Qiangtang Basin shows a complete cycle from rising to falling. The base level change is closely connected with tectonic evolution of the basin, especially connected with Bangonghu-Nujiang ocean evolution process in the formation and evolution of the basin. It is also affected by climate. The Jurassic strata correspond to a long-term base level cycle sequence. The sequence is in fact a non-complete symmetrical cycle, consisting of rising hemicycle and falling hemicycle. It can be divided into 6 intermediate-term base level cycle sequences, including 2 carbonate sequences, 3 mixture sedimentary sequences of carbonate and clastic rocks and one clastic sedimentary sequence. Depositional filling characteristics during base level change show that Bangonghu-Nujiang ocean spreads in Toarcian-Bajocian ages, and is at the height of spreading of Bangonghu-Nujiang ocean in Bathonian-Oxfordian ages. In that process, sea area became smaller because of the dry climate. Eventually, marine depositional filling is ended with the subduction and collision of Bangonghu-Nujiang ocean.

     

Ostracod fauna across the Permian-Triassic boundary at Chongyang, Hubei Province, and its implication for the process of the mass extinction

Thirty species of 10 ostracod genera were identified from 440 fossil specimens isolated through the hot acetolysis of the rock samples collected across the Permian-Triassic boundary at Chongyang section. Twenty species of 6 genera are found to occur in the limestone of Changxing Formation, and 11 species of 7 genera above the main faunal mass extinction horizon. The os-tracod assemblages identified at the Chongyang section are obviously different from those previously reported in the contem-poraneous microb...     

基于全局光滑约束的地磁测深C-响应估计

地磁测深C-响应,包含着地球内部结构的导电信息,因此获得高质量的C-响应估计对于揭示地球内部准确的电性结构至关重要,为此本文提出一种计算地磁测深C-响应的新思路.不同于以往单个频点估计办法,新方法基于相邻频率C-响应连续光滑的特性同时估计所有频率的C-响应.首先,根据求取C-响应的Z/H方法,由观测的Hr和Hθ构造估计C-响应的线性方程组;为了增强方程组求解的稳定性,克服噪声影响,要求估计的C-响应满足光滑性条件,从而将无约束的C-响应估计转化为阻尼最小二乘理论的C-响应估计优化问题.合成数据和实际台站数据的测试结果表明,光滑约束优化技术能比传统的逐频求取方法得到更加合理和连续的响应曲线;虽然正则化参数的选择对C-响应估计的结果有明显影响,但通过L-曲线和V-曲线确定的最优正则化参数可以在保证数据真实性的前提下获得最佳的C-响应估计.基于全局光滑约束获得的C-响应为提高反演结果的可靠性奠定基础,为利用更多台站的C-响应获得高分辨力的地球深部电性结构提供了技术支持.     

关于东天山花岗岩与陆壳垂向增生的若干认识

东天山海西期主碰撞以后形成的花岗岩可分为三个阶段：挤压．伸展转折阶段（310～285Ma）、碰撞后伸展阶段（285-250Ma）和板内阶段（250-208Ma）。这三个阶段在岩石圈厚度、等温线形态和动力学状态等方面的差异，造成了不同阶段花岗岩岩体形态、岩石组合、岩相学和地球化学等方面的差异。除了底侵以外，幔源岩浆的内侵可以造成地壳不同层次岩石的部分熔融，也是花岗质岩浆生成的重要机制和地壳垂向增生的重要方式。东天山的片麻状花岗岩有一部分是变质交代成因的，这类花岗岩的形成与碰撞后幔源岩浆的底侵和内侵有关。变质峰期后韧性剪切带中构造细粒化的岩石是形成片麻状花岗岩的最有利部位。虽然这类花岗岩多数定位于地壳较深层次，但在内侵热量的影响下也可以定位于较浅层次。康古尔韧性剪切带的形成除了构造动力作用以外，还与地壳垂向增生，尤其是内侵有着密切联系，是构造动力、岩浆活动、变质作用和流体运移等复杂反馈的结果。博格达造山带碰撞前和碰撞后岩浆岩均具有正的εNd（t）值，表明该造山带地幔早在碰撞前就已亏损，而碰撞后的地幔则继承了碰撞前地幔的亏损特征。东天山在印支期有一次重要的地壳垂向增生事件，其岩浆活动和成矿作用与古特提期洋的俯冲和随后的碰撞密切有关，因此是东天山从中亚构造体制向特提斯体制转换的产物。     

Base level change and depositional filling response of Jurassic in the Qiangtang Basin of Tibet

The base level during the deposition of Jurassic in the Qiangtang Basin shows a complete cycle from rising to falling. The base level change is closely connected with tectonic evolution of the basin, especially connected with Bangonghu-Nujiang ocean evolution process in the formation and evolution of the basin. It is also affected by climate. The Jurassic strata correspond to a long-term base level cycle sequence. The sequence is in fact a non-complete symmetrical cycle, consisting of rising hemicycle and falling hemicycle. It can be divided into 6 intermediate-term base level cycle sequences, including 2 carbonate sequences, 3 mixture sedimentary sequences of carbonate and clastic rocks and one clastic sedimentary sequence. Depositional filling characteristics during base level change show that Bangonghu-Nujiang ocean spreads in Toarcian-Bajocian ages, and is at the height of spreading of Bangonghu-Nujiang ocean in Bathonian-Oxfordian ages. In that process, sea area became smaller because of the dry climate. Eventually, marine depositional filling is ended with the subduction and collision of Bangonghu-Nujiang ocean.     

三维复杂速度模型中地震事件震源轨迹的计算

地球内部三维速度图像的广泛建立为进行高精度的地震定位提供了良好条件.使用震源轨迹确定震源位置不仅稳健而且直观,但三维复杂速度模型中的震源轨迹难以给出解析解.为此,本文提出了一种较准确地计算三维复杂速度模型中震源轨迹的数值方法.根据震源轨迹在残差场中的特点：（1）震源轨迹位于残差正负极性彼此不同的邻点之间;（2）绝对梯度在震源轨迹的法线方向最大;（3）在法线方向上越靠近震源轨迹残差绝对值越小,对于每个模型节点分别和残差正负极性与其不同的邻点组成的点对,将其中绝对梯度最大的点对作为震源轨迹法线点对,选取法线点对中残差绝对值较小的点（即震源轨迹所在模型单元的节点）作为震源轨迹代表点;在绝对残差场中数值较小的连通区域（可能有多个）内,利用最小走时树算法依次计算出每个连通区域中地震波从绝对残差最小点至同一连通区域内震源轨迹代表点的射线路径作为震源轨迹.算例表明：本文方法适用于三维复杂速度模型,对震源轨迹的稳定性及构成段数没有限制,计算的震源轨迹精细且较完整、可用于高精度的地震定位.