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1.
Sedimentology is the study of naturally occurring particulate matter with special emphasis on understanding the factors controlling the creation, distribution and accumulation of that matter. Consequently, sedimentology can, and does, embrace geomorphology and climatology, transport mechanisms, depositional environments and lithifaction processes. Its significance lies in the ability of practitioners of the subject—sedimentologists—to determine each and all of the foregoing through the study of samples of sediments and sedimentary rocks. It is, therefore, a basic discipline for the study of past and present environments on Earth, its satellite and its planetary neighbours. The long-standing contributions of two of the nineteenth century founders of the subject, Henry Clifton Sorby (1826–1908) and Johannes Walther (1860–1937), are discussed here. 相似文献
2.
Concern for natural hazard-triggered technological disasters (Natech disasters) in densely populated and industrialized areas
is growing. Residents living in urban areas subject to high natural hazard risk are often unaware of the potential for secondary
disasters such as hazardous materials releases from neighboring industrial facilities, chemical storage warehouses or other
establishments housing hazardous materials. Lessons from previous disasters, such as the Natech disaster during the Kocaeli
earthquake in Turkey in 1999 call for the need to manage low frequency/high consequence events, particularly in today’s densely
populated areas. However, there is little guidance available on how local governments and communities can assess Natech risk.
To add to the problem, local governments often do not have the human or economic resources or expertise to carry out detailed
risk assessments. In this article, we propose a methodology for preliminary assessment of Natech risk in urban areas. The
proposed methodology is intended for use by local government officials in consultation with the public. The methodology considers
possible interactions between the various systems in the urban environment: the physical infrastructure (e.g., industrial
plants, lifeline systems, critical facilities), the community (e.g., population exposed), the natural environment (e.g., delicate
ecosystems, river basins), and the risk and emergency management systems (e.g., structural and nonstructural measures). Factors
related to vulnerability and hazard are analyzed and qualitative measures are recommended. Data from hazardous materials releases
during the Kocaeli, Turkey earthquake of August 17, 1999 are used as a case study to demonstrate the applicability of the
methodology. Limitations of the proposed methodology are discussed as well as future research needs.
相似文献
Norio OkadaEmail: |
3.
The mineralogy of eight gravity cores recovered between Sierra Leone and 25°W longitude has been examined in an investigation
of the provenance of the recent sediments in the eastern Equatorial Atlantic. X-ray analyses show that the principal mineral
components are calcite, quartz, feldspar, kaolinite, illite and montmorillonite. One core taken from the upper continental
slope off Freetown also contains gibbsite, a product of intense tropical weathering. Biogenic material forms the dominant
component of most sections of the cores but it is clear from the abundance of quartz, kaolinite and freshwater diatoms that
an aeolian supply of continental detritus has been important in the formation of the recent sediment cover. A significant
contribution from volcanic sources can be recognised to the west of the Sierra Leone Rise. The occurrence of calcareous turbidites
in two cores from the St. Paul's Fracture Zone and from the basin west of the Sierra Leone Rise appears to be a reflection
of recent tectonic activity. 相似文献
4.
Agro-meteorological hazards such as drought, waterlogging and cool summer occur with very high frequency and affect maize production and social-economic development in the maize-growing region of Songliao Plain, China. Moreover, both the frequency of these hazards and loss from them are considered to be increasing with global warming. The purpose of this paper is to quantitatively analyze the relationships between the fluctuation of maize yield and drought, waterlogging and cool summer, and to evaluate the consequences of these hazards in the maize-growing area of Songliao Plain, taking Lishu county as a case study area based on GIS (Geographic Information System). Crop yield-climate analysis and regression analysis were employed to analyze and quantify relationships between the fluctuation of maize yield and drought, waterlogging and cool summer, and to evaluate the consequences of these hazards. The parameters and model of damage evaluation were presented using weighted comprehensive analysis, and the degree of damage of drought, waterlogging and cool summer to maize production was comprehensively evaluated and regionalized. It is shown that from 1949 to 1990, the negative value years of the fluctuation of maize yield due to meteorological hazards accounted for 55% of seasons, of which 14% was caused by drought, 30% by waterlogging, 4% by cool summer and drought, 9% by cool summer and waterlogging, 13% by drought and waterlogging, 30% by drought, waterlogging and cool summer. Studies on the instability and spatial variation of the fluctuations in maize yield in Lishu county showed that the middle plains are stable areas to climatic influence, while southeastern hills and low mountains, the low lands of the plains along the East Liao River and the western plain are unstable areas in terms of areas in maize yield. The synthetic index of the degree of damage to maize of drought, waterlogging and cool summer showed a strong positive correlation with the ratio of the amount damaged to the normal yield of maize. This suggests that this index can be used to evaluate such damage. The degree of damage of drought, waterlogging and cool summer to maize in Lishu county shows the regional characteristics, which increase gradually from the center to the west and east, this being almost identical with the spatial distribution of the fluctuation of maize yield due to these hazards. This study can be expected to provide the basis for developing strategies to mitigate agro-meteorological hazards and reducing the losses from them, and adjust the medium and long-term distribution of agricultural activities so as to adapt to environmental changes. 相似文献
5.
We performed seismic waveform inversions and numerical landslide simulations of deep-seated landslides in Japan to understand the dynamic evolution of friction of the landslides. By comparing the forces obtained from a numerical simulation to those resolved from seismic waveform inversion, the coefficient of friction during sliding was well-constrained between 0.3 and 0.4 for landslides with volumes of 2–8 ×106 m3. We obtained similar coefficients of friction for landslides with similar scale and geology, and they are consistent with the empirical relationship between the volume and dynamic coefficient of friction obtained from the past studies. This hybrid method of the numerical simulation and seismic waveform inversion shows the possibility of reproducing or predicting the movement of a large-scale landslide. Our numerical simulation allows us to estimate the velocity distribution for each time step. The maximum velocity at the center of mass is 12–36 m/s and is proportional to the square root of the elevation change at the center of mass of the landslide body, which suggests that they can be estimated from the initial DEMs. About 20% of the total potential energy is transferred to the kinetic energy in our volume range. The combination of the seismic waveform inversion and the numerical simulation helps to obtain the well-constrained dynamic coefficients of friction and velocity distribution during sliding, which will be used in numerical models to estimate the hazard of potential landslides. 相似文献
6.
A. Hallberg J. A. Ogren K. J. Noone K. Okada J. Heintzenberg I. B. Svenningsson 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》1994,19(1-2):153-171
A difference in partitioning between cloud droplets and interstitial air for two chemical species (elemental carbon and sulphur) with different expected behaviour in nucleation scavenging was observed in clouds at Mt. Kleiner Feldberg (825 m asl), near Frankfurt, Germany. The fraction of sulphur incorporated in cloud droplets was always higher than the fraction of elemental carbon. This difference in partitioning has also been observed in fog but under different pollution conditions in the Po Valley, Italy. Both these studies were based on bulk samples. In the present study at Kleiner Feldberg, impactor samples of the particles in the interstitial air and the cloud droplet residuals were taken and a single particle analysis was done on the samples. It was found that, for a given particle size, the majority of particles forming cloud droplets were soluble and that insoluble particles preferentially remained in the interstitial air. 相似文献
7.
8.
分析了1997年5~9月和1998年4~9月北京整层大气气溶胶光学厚度、近地面气溶胶粒子数浓度的日变化、季节变化及其与气象要素的关系,还分析了 1997年5月16日、7月21日和8月2日收集的北京单个气溶胶粒子样品的形态、大小和化学元素组成.结果显示,北京地区春末-秋初整层大气气溶胶光学厚度在0.1~1.6之间变化;气溶胶数浓度(D>0.3μm)为几~几百个/cm3;整层大气气溶胶光学厚度的日变化型式与近地面气溶胶数浓度呈现相反的走向;气溶胶光学厚度和数浓度的日、季节变化显示了整层大气和近地面大气气溶胶与该地区气象、气候条件的关系.气溶胶数浓度与大气相对湿度呈正相关,与风向的关系是偏东风数浓度大,西、西南风数浓度小.电子显微镜分析的结果表明:颗粒物的形态以不规则形、丸形、液态滴形和方形为主;颗粒物化学元素组成有Si、K、S、Al、Mg、Ca、Fe等元素;人类活动排放的Zn、P、Ti、pb、Ba等元素也探测到;北京近地面粒子的一个显著特点是富含Ca和K元素,它们可能分别来自建筑粉尘和有机物的燃烧;给出了一个典型的碳黑粒子和一个粒子经过凝结过程的"卫星"滴环绕的矿物粒子的照片和元素谱图. 相似文献
9.
In this paper, a new model for a single reservoir operation optimization is proposed. The proposed model can design the optimal operation policy of a reservoir with explicit consideration of drought duration. The authors model this problem by formulating a single-stage loss function as a function of both the reservoir release and drought duration. Thereby the expected loss per period which is calculated based on the above extended single-stage loss function is minimized in infinite time horizon on the basis of Markov decision process (MDP) theory. The reliability indices are estimated as expected loss per period for specified extended loss functions. Finally, the features of the proposed model are illustrated through numerical analysis. 相似文献
10.
黑龙江嘉荫地区白垩纪-第三纪界线初步观察 总被引:12,自引:3,他引:9
孙革 孙春林 董枝明 孙跃武 吕建生 熊宪政 周忠立 余福林 邢玉玲 全成 M.A.Akhmetiev A.R.Ashraf E.Bugdaeva D.L.Dilcher L.Golovneva K.Johnson T.Kezina T.Kodrul H.Okada 《世界地质》2003,22(1):8-14
本文报道了黑龙江嘉荫白山头地区一条新的地层剖面及其K/T界线的初步研究。新命名的“白山头段”代表乌云组下部的早古新世地层,含以Tiliaephyllum tsagajanicum等为代表的达宁早期植物化石。在白山头剖面上,作者发现可能为白垩纪末期的凝灰岩。结合与俄罗斯布列亚盆地含K/T界线的查加扬群标准剖面的对比,推测嘉荫地区的K/T界线可能位于白山头段底部与上述凝灰岩之上的一层炭质泥岩之间。 相似文献