基于随机集合的非传统型有效波极值模型

The analysis and design of offshore structures necessitates the consideration of wave loads. Realistic modeling of wave loads is particularly important to ensure reliable performance of these structures. Among the available methods for the modeling of the extreme significant wave height on a statistical basis, the peak over threshold method has attracted most attention. This method employs Poisson process to character- ize time-varying properties in the parameters of an extreme value distribution. In this paper, the peak over threshold method is reviewed and extended to account for subjectivity in the modeling. The freedom in selecting the threshold and the time span to separate extremes from the original time series data is incorpo- rated as imprecision in the model. This leads to an extension from random variables to random sets in the probabilistic model for the extreme significant wave height. The extended model is also applied to different periods of the sampled data to evaluate the significance of the climatic conditions on the uncertainties of the parameters.     

A Comparison of Growth Biomarkers for Assessing Sublethal Effects of Cadmium on a Marine Gastropod, Nassarius festivus

The effect of cadmium on the growth of an intertidal marine gastropod, Nassarius festivus, was investigated using a number of biomarkers namely conventional measurements in terms of increase in shell length or body weight, scope for growth (SfG) and RNA/DNA ratio. After eight days of cadmium exposure, the no observable effect concentration (NOEC) and lowest observable effect concentration (LOEC) for the rate of increase in wet weight were 1.00 and 1.38 mg/l, respectively, while those for shell length did not show any significant difference from the control until day 16. After 16 days of cadmium exposure, the LOEC for both shell length and wet weight measurements was 0.22 mg/l. The 8-day SfG test was sensitive to cadmium stress, showing a significant decrease at 0.16 mg/l cadmium when compared to the control. The NOEC and LOEC of RNA/DNA ratio determination were 0.52 and 0.93 mg/l, respectively. An assessment based on sensitivity and technical complexity suggests that Scope for Growth is the most sensitive growth biomarker, followed by the RNA/DNA ratio, and then the conventional growth measurement based on shell size and body weight.     

Identification of SNARE proteins in fish-Tilapia Oreochromis niloticus

1 IntroductionSecretion is a basic function of all living organ-isms. In fish, like in mammals, neurotransmitters,hormones, enzymes and other macromolecules aresecreted in several neuronal, neuroendocrine and ex-ocrine organs and tissues located in brain,…     

A COMPARISON OF TWO METHODS OF ESTIMATING STATIC FORMATION TEMPERATURE FROM WELL LOGS*

Two methods for estimating the true formation temperature from well logs are compared. One method requires knowledge of the circulation time, whereas the other requires an estimate of the thermal diffusivity of the contents of the well. Both methods require three or more successive bottom-hole temperature measurements. Data from 157 wells have been analyzed, and the calculated formation temperatures from the two methods agree well. By an analysis of best matching of the two methods, it is found that 0.35 × 10^-6 m² s^-1 is a good estimate for the thermal diffusivity of the well contents.     

On the variability and correlation of surface ozone and carbon monoxide observed in Hong Kong using trajectory and regression analyses

This paper investigates, the variability and correlation of surface ozone (Os) and carbon monoxide (CO) observed at Cape D'Aguilar in Hong Kong from 1 January 1994 to 31 December 1995. Statistical analysis shows that the average O3 and CO mixing ratios during the two years are 32±17ppbv and 305±191 ppbv, respectively. The O3/CO ratio ranges from 0.05 to 0.6 ppbv/ppbv with its frequency peaking at 0.15. The raw dataset is divided into six groups using backward trajectory and cluster analyses. For data assigned to the same trajectory type, three groups are further sorted out based on CO and NOX mixing ratios. The correlation coefficients and slopes of O3/CO for the 18 groups are calculated using linear regression analysis. Finally, five kinds of air masses with different chemical features are identified: continental background (CB), marine background (MB), regional polluted continental (RPC), perturbed marine (P*M), and local polluted (LP) air masses. Further studies indicate that O3 and CO in the conti     

南海夏季风维持期的气候特征Ⅱ--年代际变化

利用NCEP1958～1997年逐日格点气象资料对我国南海地区(105～120°E,5～20°N)夏季风维持期的年代际变化进行了仔细分析,分析结果发现对南海地区夏季风影响最大的是1970年代末期大气环流的突变.突变以1978年为界,分析工作主要是将前20年情况与后20年进行对比.前20年夏季风建立晚、结束早、降水较少、对流活动较弱、季风较弱;后20年则与此相反,季风建立早、结束晚、降水较多、对流活动较强、季风较强.分析对比前20年与后20年夏季风维持期高低空环流形势后发现,后20年南海地区上空对流下层辐合较强而对流层上层辐散较强,显然这种形势对后20年南海夏季风和对流降水的发展是十分有利的.需指出的是南海地区中心部分夏季风维持期的降水和OLR值的年代际变化趋势正好与南海其它地区相反,也就是说后20年南海地区中心部分降水较少,OLR值较高,而前20年正好相反.后20年和前20年的ENSO指数和南海地区海温的差别也十分明显,前20年ENSO指数和海温较低,而后20年都较高.     

THE CLIMATIC CHARACTERISTICS OF SUMMER MONSOON ONSET OVER THE SOUTH CHINA SEA I.40-YEAR AVERAGE

By using 40-year NCEP reanalysis daily data (1958-1997), we have analyzed the climatic characteristics of summer monsoon onset in the South China Sea (105°E ~ 120°E, 5°N ~ 20°N, to be simplified as SCS in the text followed) pentad by pentad (5 days). According to our new definition, in the monsoon area of the SCS two of the following conditions should be satisfied: 1) At 850hPa, the southwest winds should be greater than 2m/s. 2) At 850 hPa, θ_se should be greater than 335°K. The new definition means that the summer monsoon is the southwest winds with high temperature and high moisture. The onset of the SCS summer monsoon is defined to start when one half of the SCS area (105°E ~ 120°E,5°N ~ 20°N) is controlled by the summer monsoon. The analyzed results revealed the following: 1) The summer monsoon in the SCS starts to build up abruptly in the 4th pentad in May. 2) The summer monsoon onset in the SCS is resulted from the development and intensification of southwesterly monsoon in the Bay of Bengal. 3) The onset of the summer monsoon and establishment of the summer monsoon rainfall season in the SCS occur simultaneously. 4) During the summer monsoon onset in the SCS, troughs deepen and widen quickly in the lower troposphere of the India; the subtropical high in the Western Pacific moves eastward off the SCS in the middle troposphere; the easterly advances northward over the SCS in the upper troposphere.     

南海夏季风撤退期的气候特征Ⅰ——40年平均

用NCAR/NCEP1958～1997年共40年资料对南海夏季风撤退的气候特征进行了分析.8月上旬西伯利亚冷空气开始南进,由于青藏高原的阻挡作用,在我国东部大陆推进得很快,到达南海后继续向南推进,最后导致9月中旬左右南海夏季风从南海撤退.就个别年份而言,最早的撤退时间是8月中,最晚的是10月中,可以差两个月.南海夏季风撤退与建立过程是很不相同的,南海夏季风和夏季风雨带的建立都是爆发性的,在全区域几乎是同时建立,但撤退是由北向南缓慢撤退的,历时一个月左右.在撤退期间,南海降水形势变化不大,但在撤退之后,南海夏季风雨季转变为ITCZ雨季,其相应和雨区随着太阳南移向南推进.南海夏季风撤退后,南海降水30～60天振荡明显减弱,而准两周振荡仍比较活跃.     

Structure of Mesozoic oceanic crust in the vicinity of the Cape Verde Islands from seismic reflection profiles

Multichannel seismic reflection profile data have been used to determine the internal structure of Mesozoic oceanic crust in the vicinity of the Cape Verde islands. The data show the oceanic crust to be characterized by both dipping and sub-horizontal reflectors. Several lines of evidence argue against the reflectors being scattering artifacts arising, for example, from rough basement topography. Instead, the reflectors are attributed to tectonic and magmatic processes associated with the accretion of oceanic crust at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. The upper crust shows variable reflectivity due to both dipping and sub-horizontal events. We interpret the dipping reflectors, which have been identified on both ridge-normal and ridge-parallel profiles, as sub-surface expressions of normal faults that formed at or near the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. There is no evidence that the faults are caused by loading of the oceanic crust by either the Cape Verde islands or their associated topographic swell. Some faults, however, can be traced into the overlying sediments suggesting they may have been re-activated since their formation at the ridge. The origin of the sub-horizontal reflectors is not as clear. We believe them to be boundaries of different igneous lithologies, such as that between basalts and gabbros. The lower crust is highly reflective in some areas, whereas in others only a few dipping and sub-horizontal reflectors are observed. Some of the dipping reflectors can be traced into the upper crust, suggesting they are also normal faults. Others, however, appear to be confined to the lower crust. The sub-horizontal, discontinuous, reflectors about 2.0–2.5 seconds two-way travel time below the top of oceanic basement are attributed to the Moho.     

Combining Robustness with Efficiency in?the?Estimation of the Variogram

In the present paper, we propose a new method for the estimation of the variogram, which combines robustness with efficiency under intrinsic stationary geostatistical processes. The method starts by using a robust estimator to obtain discrete estimates of the variogram and control atypical observations that may exist. When the number of points used in the fit of a model is the same as the number of parameters, ordinary least squares and generalized least squares are asymptotically equivalent. Therefore, the next step is to fit the variogram by ordinary least squares, using just a few discrete estimates. The procedure is then repeated several times with different subsets of points and this produces a sequence of variogram estimates. The final estimate is the median of the multiple estimates of the variogram parameters. The suggested estimator will be called multiple variograms estimator. This procedure assures a global robust estimator, which is more efficient than other robust proposals. Under the assumed dependence structure, we prove that the multiple variograms estimator is consistent and asymptotically normally distributed. A simulation study confirms that the new method has several advantages when compared with other current methods.