The recommended concentrations of 239Pu, 240Pu and 239+240Pu in reference material IAEA‐315 (marine sediment) were estimated by three analytical methods: isotope dilution thermal ionisation mass spectrometry (TIMS), isotope dilution inductively coupled plasma‐mass spectrometry (ICP‐MS) and alpha spectrometry. The determination of 239Pu and 240Pu (239+240Pu by alpha spectrometry) was carried out with samples from randomly selected bottles using each method. Plutonium‐238 was also measured by alpha spectrometry. A plutonium‐242 reference material was used as a spike for the quantitative analysis. The influence of 242Pu in the samples was therefore calculated; however, this contribution was less than the range of uncertainty and did not influence the final results. The obtained data were statistically analysed using variance component analysis and paired comparison. The combined standard uncertainties from “method/measurement”, “bottle” and “sub‐sample” were in the order of 3 to 6%. The main contributions to the uncertainty were from the material heterogeneity and from systematic differences between methods. Based on this study with twenty‐seven analyses using 10–14 g sample mass, concentrations of (38 ± 3) Bq kg?1, (28 ± 3) Bq kg?1 and (66 ± 4) Bq kg?1 are proposed as recommended values for 239Pu, 240Pu and 239+240Pu, respectively, and (9.5 ± 0.4) Bq kg?1 for 238Pu as an information value in reference material IAEA‐315. In mass concentration units, these amount to (16.4 ± 1.2) ng kg?1, (3.3 ± 0.4) ng kg?1 and (0.015 ± 0.003) ng kg?1 for 239Pu, 240Pu and 238Pu, respectively. The certified reference materials NIST 4350B and NIST 4354 were also analysed by TIMS for quality assurance of the method used in this study. 相似文献
Analyses of a 500-year control integration of the global coupled atmosphere–sea ice–ocean model ECHAM5.0/MPI-OM show a high
variability in the ice export through Fram Strait on interannual to decadal timescales. This variability is mainly determined
by variations in the sea level pressure gradient across Fram Strait and thus geostrophic wind stress. Ice thickness anomalies,
formed at the Siberian coast and in the Chukchi Sea, propagate across the Arctic to Fram Strait and contribute to the variability
of the ice export on a timescale of about 9 years. Large anomalies of the ice export through Fram Strait cause fresh water
signals, which reach the Labrador Sea after 1–2 years and lead to significant changes in the deep convection. The associated
anomalies in ice cover and ocean heat release have a significant impact on air temperature in the Labrador Sea and on the
large-scale atmospheric circulation. This affects the sea ice transport and distribution in the Arctic again. Sensitivity
studies, simulating the effect of large ice exports through Fram Strait, show that the isolated effect of a prescribed ice/fresh
water anomaly is very important for the climate variability in the Labrador Sea. Thus, the ice export through Fram Strait
can be used for predictability of Labrador Sea climate up to 2 years in advance. 相似文献
Major pathways of biogenic carbon (C) flow are resolved for the planktonic food web of the flaw lead polynya system of the Amundsen Gulf (southeast Beaufort Sea, Arctic Ocean) in spring-summer 2008. This period was relevant to study the effect of climate change on Arctic marine ecosystems as it was characterized by unusually low ice cover and warm sea surface temperature. Our synthesis relied on a mass balance estimate of gross primary production (GPP) of 52.5 ± 12.5 g C m−2 calculated using the drawdown of nitrate and dissolved inorganic C, and a seasonal f-ratio of 0.64. Based on chlorophyll a biomass, we estimated that GPP was dominated by phytoplankton (93.6%) over ice algae (6.4%) and by large cells (>5 μm, 67.6%) over small cells (<5 μm, 32.4%). Ancillary in situ data on bacterial production, zooplankton biomass and respiration, herbivory, bacterivory, vertical particle fluxes, pools of particulate and dissolved organic carbon (POC, DOC), net community production (NCP), as well as selected variables from the literature were used to evaluate the fate of size-fractionated GPP in the ecosystem. The structure and functioning of the planktonic food web was elucidated through inverse analysis using the mean GPP and the 95% confidence limits of every other field measurement as lower and upper constraints. The model computed a net primary production of 49.2 g C m−2, which was directly channeled toward dominant calanoid copepods (i.e. Calanus hyperboreus 20%, Calanus glacialis 10%, and Metridia longa 10%), other mesozooplankton (12%), microzooplankton (14%), detrital POC (18%), and DOC (16%). Bacteria required 29.9 g C m−2, a demand met entirely by the DOC derived from local biological activities. The ultimate C outflow comprised respiration fluxes (82% of the initial GPP), a small sedimentation (3%), and a modest residual C flow (15%) resulting from NCP, dilution and accumulation. The sinking C flux at the model limit depth (395 m) supplied 60% of the estimated benthic C demand (2.8 g C m−2), suggesting that the benthos relied partly on other C sources within the bottom boundary layer to fuel its activity. In summary, our results illustrate that the ongoing decline in Arctic sea ice promotes the growth of pelagic communities in the Amundsen Gulf, which benefited from a ∼80% increase in GPP in spring-summer 2008 when compared to 2004 – a year of average ice conditions and relatively low GPP. However, 53% of the secondary production was generated within the microbial food web, the net ecological efficiency of zooplankton populations was not particularly high (13.4%), and the quantity of biogenic C available for trophic export remained low (6.6 g C m−2). Hence it is unlikely that the increase in lower food web productivity, such as the one observed in our study, could support new harvestable fishery resources in the offshore Beaufort Sea domain. 相似文献
Comparative investigations were made on the non-carbonate components of calcareous sediments of the upper chalk formation of the Hanover region.The mineral composition of the residues insoluble in 0.5 n HC1 has first been determined optically and by X-ray photographs and described. The quantitative analysis of the components contained was effected by microscopic counting using the phase contrast method up to the grain size of 2 u, and for the clay fractions proper by X-ray phase analyses.In addition to the minor components (feldspars, biotite, pyrite, marcasite, glauconite, heavy minerals and mikro-fossils) the residues contain quartz, muscovite, illite, montmorillonite and kaolinite.The calcareous sediments of the upper senon formation are specially characterized by the occurrence of authigenic heulandite crystals which could be analysed and described here for the first time. Moreover secondary crystallization of quartz, turmaline and albite could be observed in all the samples analysed. 相似文献
Zusammenfassung Die Wahl des Zählpunktabstandes für die Auszählung von Gefügediagrammen auf dem Schmidtschen Netz wird diskutiert. Es wird gezeigt, daß bei Verwendung eines Zählpunktabstandes von 0.5 cm die Schwerpunkte der Maxima der Polverteilung mit genügender Genauigkeit erfaßt werden. Als Zählfläche wird der Kreis von 1% der Netzfläche gewählt. Verwendung von Zählkreisen verschiedener Größe in einem Diagramm führt zu falschen Ergebnissen. Es wird eine Norm für das Auszählen vorgeschlagen, um Gefügediagramme reproduzierbar zu machen.Für die Darstellung des Regelungsgrades wird eine Methode vorgeschlagen, die vom Gefügediagramm ausgeht, aber auf der tatsächlichen Polverteilung fußt und ohne große Rechenoperationen auskommt. Durch diese Methode lassen sich gleichartige Gefügediagramme verschiedener Polzahl miteinander vergleichen.
Summary The grid size for counting fabric diagrams on the Schmidt net is discussed. It can be shown that counting out at each corner of a 0.5 cm square grid will grant sufficient accuracy in indicating the location of each maximum of the diagram. A circle of 1% of the Schmidt net's area is chosen to act as counting circle. Inaccuracies will occur if counting circles with different areas are used for counting the same fabric diagram. A rule for counting fabric diagrams is proposed in order to make the diagrams reproduceable.A method is proposed for computation of the degree of orientation. This method uses the counted and contoured fabric diagram, but it is based on the real distribution of the points, and no great computations are involved. This method allows fabric diagrams derived from different numbers of poles to be compared.
Mit 17 TextabbildungenNach einem Vortrag, gehalten am 11. Mai 1964 vor der Österreichischen Mineralogischen Gesellschaft in Wien. 相似文献
Sea levels of different atmosphere–ocean general circulation models (AOGCMs) respond to climate change forcing in different ways, representing a crucial uncertainty in climate change research. We isolate the role of the ocean dynamics in setting the spatial pattern of dynamic sea-level (ζ) change by forcing several AOGCMs with prescribed identical heat, momentum (wind) and freshwater flux perturbations. This method produces a ζ projection spread comparable in magnitude to the spread that results from greenhouse gas forcing, indicating that the differences in ocean model formulation are the cause, rather than diversity in surface flux change. The heat flux change drives most of the global pattern of ζ change, while the momentum and water flux changes cause locally confined features. North Atlantic heat uptake causes large temperature and salinity driven density changes, altering local ocean transport and ζ. The spread between AOGCMs here is caused largely by differences in their regional transport adjustment, which redistributes heat that was already in the ocean prior to perturbation. The geographic details of the ζ change in the North Atlantic are diverse across models, but the underlying dynamic change is similar. In contrast, the heat absorbed by the Southern Ocean does not strongly alter the vertically coherent circulation. The Arctic ζ change is dissimilar across models, owing to differences in passive heat uptake and circulation change. Only the Arctic is strongly affected by nonlinear interactions between the three air-sea flux changes, and these are model specific.
The ocean meridional overturning circulation (MOC) plays a central role for the climate in the Atlantic realm. Since scenarios
for future climate change indicate a significant reduction of the MOC under global warming, an assessment of variations and
trends of the real MOC is important. Using observations at ocean weather ship (OWS) stations and along oceanic sections, we
examine the hydrographic information that can be used to determine MOC trends via its signature in water mass properties obtained
from model simulations with the climate model ECHAM5/MPI-OM. We show that temperature trends at mid-latitudes provide useful
indirect measure of large-scale changes of deep circulation: A mid-depth warming is related to MOC weakening and a cooling
to MOC strengthening. Based on our model experiments, we argue that a continuation of measurements at key OWS sites may contribute
to a timely detection of a possible future MOC slowdown and to separate the signal from interannual-to-multidecadal MOC variability.
The simulations suggest that the subsurface hydrographic information related to MOC has a lower variability than the MOC trend
measured directly. Based on our model and the available long-term hydrographic data, we estimate non-significant MOC trends
for the last 80 years. For the twenty-first century, however, the model simulations predict a significant MOC decline and
accompanied mid-depth warming trend. 相似文献
This study is on high-frequency temporal variability (HFV) and meso-scale spatial variability (MSV) of winter sea-ice drift in the Southern Ocean simulated with a global high-resolution (0.1°) sea ice-ocean model. Hourly model output is used to distinguish MSV characteristics via patterns of mean kinetic energy (MKE) and turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) of ice drift, surface currents, and wind stress, and HFV characteristics via time series of raw variables and correlations. We find that (1) along the ice edge, the MSV of ice drift coincides with that of surface currents, in particular such due to ocean eddies; (2) along the coast, the MKE of ice drift is substantially larger than its TKE and coincides with the MKE of wind stress; (3) in the interior of the ice pack, the TKE of ice drift is larger than its MKE, mostly following the TKE pattern of wind stress; (4) the HFV of ice drift is dominated by weather events, and, in the absence of tidal currents, locally and to a much smaller degree by inertial oscillations; (5) along the ice edge, the curl of the ice drift is highly correlated with that of surface currents, mostly reflecting the impact of ocean eddies. Where ocean eddies occur and the ice is relatively thin, ice velocity is characterized by enhanced relative vorticity, largely matching that of surface currents. Along the ice edge, ocean eddies produce distinct ice filaments, the realism of which is largely confirmed by high-resolution satellite passive-microwave data. 相似文献