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Prof. Dr. H. Liebmann Dr. K. Offhaus Dr. S. Riedmüller 《Aquatic Sciences - Research Across Boundaries》1960,22(1):507-517
Ohne Zusammenfassung
Vorliegende Untersuchungen wurden mit Mitteln und mit Unterstützung des Bundesministeriums für Ern?hrung, Landwirtschaft und
Forsten, Bonn, durchgeführt, wofür auch an dieser Stelle noch einmal unser verbindlichster Dank ausgesprochen sei. 相似文献
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Moisture transport and intraseasonal variability in the South America monsoon system 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Leila M. V. Carvalho Ana E. Silva Charles Jones Brant Liebmann Pedro L. Silva Dias Humberto R. Rocha 《Climate Dynamics》2011,36(9-10):1865-1880
This paper examines moisture transport on intraseasonal timescales over the continent and over the South Atlantic convergence zone (SACZ) during the South America (SA) summer monsoon. Combined Empirical Orthogonal Function analysis (EOFc) of Global Precipitation Climatology Project pentad precipitation, specific humidity, air temperature, zonal and meridional winds at 850?hPa (NCEP/NCAR reanalysis) are performed to identify the large-scale variability of the South America monsoon system and the SACZ. The first EOFc was used as a large-scale index for the South American monsoon (LISAM), whereas the second EOFc characterized the SACZ. LISAM (SACZ) index showed spectral variance on 30?C90 (15?C20) days and were both band filtered (10?C100?days). Intraseasonal wet anomalies were defined when LISAM and SACZ anomalies were above the 75th percentile of their respective distribution. LISAM and SACZ wet events were examined independently of each other and when they occur simultaneously. LISAM wet events were observed with the amplification of wave activity in the Northern Hemisphere and the enhancement of northwesterly cross-equatorial moisture transport over tropical continental SA. Enhanced SACZ was observed with moisture transport from the extratropics of the Southern Hemisphere. Simultaneous LISAM and SACZ wet events are associated with cross-equatorial moisture transport along with moisture transport from Subtropical Southwestern Atlantic. 相似文献
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Hyon-Sohk Ohm Andhika Sahadewa Roman D. Hryciw Dimitrios Zekkos Nicholas Brant 《Geotechnical and Geological Engineering》2013,31(6):1647-1652
A rapid, clean, low-energy, image-based method for determining the grain size distribution of soils by image analysis has been developed. The method is called Sediment Imaging or “Sedimaging”. It develops the grain size distribution for particles in the range between a U.S. Standard Sieve No. 10 (2.0 mm openings) and U.S. Standard Sieve No. 200 (0.075 mm openings) range. The system utilizes a high resolution Nikon D7000 digital single lens reflex camera and image processing software developed specifically for interpreting the images and producing the resulting grain size distribution. The Sedimaging system is more sustainable and environmentally friendly than traditional sieving by virtue of its far lower power needs, less water consumption, longer equipment life and less maintenance. From the environmental and health perspectives, Sedimaging is less noisy, generates no vibrations and produces no airborne particulates. Sedimaging is also significantly faster than sieving and produces thousands of data points compared to typically 8 by sieving; it also automatically computes grain size distribution metrics such as the coefficients of uniformity and gradation. 相似文献
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The regional influence of the Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) on South America is described. Maps of probability of weekly-averaged rainfall exceeding the upper tercile were computed for all seasons and related statistically with the phase of the MJO as characterized by the Wheeler–Hendon real-time multivariate MJO (RMM) index and with the OLR MJO Index. The accompanying surface air temperature and circulation anomalies were also calculated. The influence of the MJO on regional scales along with their marked seasonal variations was documented. During December–February when the South American monsoon system is active, chances of enhanced rainfall are observed in southeastern South America (SESA) region mainly during RMM phases 3 and 4, accompanied by cold anomalies in the extratropics, while enhanced rainfall in the South Atlantic Convergence Zone (SACZ) region is observed in phases 8 and 1. The SESA (SACZ) signal is characterized by upper-level convergence (divergence) over tropical South America and a cyclonic (anticyclonic) anomaly near the southern tip of the continent. Impacts during March–May are similar, but attenuated in the extratropics. Conversely, in June–November, reduced rainfall and cold anomalies are observed near the coast of the SACZ region during phases 4 and 5, favored by upper-level convergence over tropical South America and an anticyclonic anomaly over southern South America. In September–November, enhanced rainfall and upper-level divergence are observed in the SACZ region during phases 7 and 8. These signals are generated primarily through the propagation of Rossby wave energy generated in the region of anomalous heating associated with the MJO. 相似文献
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Effects of in-situ conditions on relative permeability characteristics of CO2-brine systems 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Carbon dioxide capture and geological storage (CCGS) is an emerging technology that is increasingly being considered for reducing
greenhouse gas emissions to the atmosphere. Deep saline aquifers provide a very large capacity for CO2 storage and, unlike hydrocarbon reservoirs and coal beds, are immediately accessible and are found in all sedimentary basins.
Proper understanding of the displacement character of CO2-brine systems at in-situ conditions is essential in ascertaining CO2 injectivity, migration and trapping in the pore space as a residual gas or supercritical fluid, and in assessing the suitability
and safety of prospective CO2 storage sites. Because of lack of published data, the authors conducted a program of measuring the relative permeability
and other displacement characteristics of CO2-brine systems for sandstone, carbonate and shale formations in central Alberta in western Canada. The tested formations are
representative of the in-situ characteristics of deep saline aquifers in compacted on-shore North American sedimentary basins.
The results show that the capillary pressure, interfacial tension, relative permeability and other displacements characteristics
of CO2-brine systems depend on the in-situ conditions of pressure, temperature and water salinity, and on the pore size distribution
of the sedimentary rock. This paper presents a synthesis and interpretation of the results. 相似文献
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Brant?W.?TouchetteEmail author JoAnn?M.?Burkholder Howard?B.?Glasgow 《Estuaries and Coasts》2003,26(1):142-155
In an experimental mesocosm system, we evaluated changes in morphology and tissue nutrient content (carbon [C], nitrogen [N],
phosphorus [P]) of eelgrass (Zostera marina L.) as influenced by increased temperature and nitrate. During the late summer-fall growing season (14 weeks, August through
mid-November), control plants were compared to plants grown at elevated temperatures (3°C to 4°C above ambient, based on 20-yr
weekly means) and elevated water column nitrate enrichment (8 μM NO3
−, pulsed daily). Both increased temperature and increased nitrate led to declines in shoot density (by 40% and 48% for nitrate
and temperature treatments, respectively), as well as decreased leaf and root production. High temperature promoted increased
total C content of leaf tissues, whereas high nitrate increased the percentage of N in belowground tissues and depressed the
C∶N ratio in aboveground tissues. The data indicated that increases in nitrate or temperature can significantly reduce the
size ofZ. marine shoots and can also alter the internal C and N content. This reduction was not associated with significant increases in light-attenuating
algae as we controlled epiphytic growth, so we suggest that a direct physiological mechanism or other mechanism was involved. 相似文献
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J. A. Marengo T. Ambrizzi G. Kiladis B. Liebmann 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》2002,73(3-4):223-242
Summary ?An examination is made of the relationships between circulation and convection over South America as related to strong cooling
in southern and southeastern Brazil during austral wintertime. Correlations between sub monthly (2–30 days) near-surface air
temperature in southeastern Brazil reveal the preferred path of a quasi-stationary Rossby wave impinging on to the region
from mid-latitudes and emanating from the tropical western Pacific. The large amplitude upper-level trough in middle latitudes,
which extends into the tropics, has been pointed out as one of the major features of the cold situation. These waves embedded
in westerly flow are an example of wintertime tropical-extratropical interactions leading to cooling in southeastern South
America. This is suggested by the results from the observational and baroclinic-modeling studies presented here. However,
in addition to the right synoptic situation associated with this intermediate modulation, local controls are important on
determining the degree of cooling and the occurrence of freezes.
Received August 25, 2000; revised September 1, 2001; accepted December 1, 2001 相似文献