The demographic responses to famine: The case of China 1958–61

Pre-1949 China was The Sick Man of Asia, The Land of Famine. In 1949 Mao brought the communists to power and in the re-ordered world, all such problems were supposedly overcome — but not so. Thirty years ago China suffered one of the world's worst famines. Over the four years 1958–61, China suffered some 25–30 million more deaths and experienced some 30–35 million fewer births than might have been expected under normal conditions. Yet for almost a quarter of a century there would be few, outside of China, who were aware of the existence let alone the dimensions of the disaster. Access to Chinese census data since the mid-1980s has permitted a preliminary analysis of the demographic impact of the famine.Abbreviations JPRS-CEA-81-128 Joint Publications Research Service, China Economic Affairs Report 128, 1981 - JPRS-CPS-85-028 Joint Publications Research Service. China Report, Political, Sociological & Military Affairs 28, 1985     

南极纽卡姆湾藻体附着硅藻的研究

1980年我国初探南极,进行科学考察.采到了几种藻类及腔肠动物类标本,在这些生物体表上,发现着生许多硅藻,这些附着硅藻类的形态结构、个体大小都有差异.尤其卵形藻类、楔形藻类数量最多,种类变化也复杂,我们对样品进行分离、筛选获得了大量珍贵的附着硅藻标本,并对这些标本做细致观察,个别种类还经电子显微镜作超微结构的拍照与分析.     

热带洋面上最小OLR轴与最大SST轴关系的气候学研究

热带洋面上的SST(海表面温度)是影响大气环流变化及气候异常的重要参数.众所周知的埃尔尼诺事件即是首先从南美海岸的SST异常增温发现的.自有卫星观测以来,OLR(射出长波辐射)亦已成为反映热带洋面上的大气凝结热源、降水量及对流活动等重要现象的参数,而得到了戛来越多的气象学家的重视和广泛的应用[1].事实上,在热带洋面上OLR所反映的云是海气相互作用的产物.海洋对大气的相互作用首先是通过SST的变化来影响大气的.海洋上的大气受热对流产生的云(反映为低OLR)反过来又会阻挡太阳辐射而影响SST.     

4-碘苯氧乙酸在海带夏苗培育中的应用

本文报道了4—碘苯氧乙酸(4—IPOAA)在海带夏苗培育中应用的试验结果。4—IPOAA对海带配子体和幼孢子体的生长发育有着明显的影响,高剂量的4—IPOAA(500mg/L)对配子体的发育有明显的抑制作用;解除4—IPOAA对配子体的抑制,配子体在短期内即能正常排卵、排精并受精形成孢子体;低浓度的4—IPOAA(25mg/L以下)能促进幼孢子体的生长。这项试验结果表明,有可能利用4—IPOAA对配子体的抑制特性,来改进目前所采用的低温、自然光条件下培育海带夏苗的工艺。作者建议把海带夏苗培育工艺改为以下步骤:(1)在常温下采苗;(2)在18℃以下水温条件下培育配子体;(3)在配子体成熟前用4—IPOAA处理,使其停止发育,在较高水温(20℃左右)条件下静水培养被抑制的配子体;(4)在计划夏苗出库前40—50天,解除4—IPOAA对配子体的抑制,恢复最适条件下流水培育;(5)肉眼见苗后及时下海暂养。     

海洋沉积物中石英单矿物的化学分离

海洋沉积物中的石英作为陆源物质的标志性矿物,是古环境和古气候演化的信息载体,已成为古环境和古气候演化研究的重要替代指标.提供了改进了的化学分离海洋沉积物中石英单矿物的方法流程.在流程中的不同阶段可有效去掉全样中的生物组分、粘土矿物和长石等,取得海洋沉积物全样的总陆源矿物、石英+长石、石英的相对和绝对含量,通过计算可获得各种组分的通量,通过粒度分析可获得粒度数据.同一样品的17次重复实验表明,含量结果的平均相对误差仅为2.36%;显微镜和X射线衍射分析检查所分离出的石英纯度可达98%以上;激光粒度分析表明,化学试剂对石英的溶蚀作用不明显,不影响粒度分析结果.     

地形和流同时影响下波向线的数值计算

本文提出一种同时考虑地形和均匀流影响的波向线数值解法及其具体的计算步骤。作为例子，对一种理想的简单地形作了数值计算并绘出波向线图．计算结果表明．流对波浪折射有明显的作用。     

大亚湾的马尾藻资源研究

大亚湾的马尾藻种类多，分布广，生物量高，资源丰富，马尾藻资源与生长基质、潮流等关系密切。文中讨论了半叶马尾藻Ｓａｒｇａｓｓｕｍｈｅｍｉｐｈｙｌｌｕｍ和亨氏马尾藻Ｓ．ｈｅｎｓｌｏｗｉａｎｕｍ的生物量与密度、藻体长度和单株藻体重量间关系，以及不同潮位马尾藻的资源状况。     

Inhibition of coral fertilisation and larval metamorphosis by tributyltin and copper

Fertilisation and larval metamorphosis of reef-building corals are important life history events leading to recruitment of juvenile corals to reef populations. Little is known of the sensitivity of these early life phases to pollution, or their relative susceptibility to certain toxicants compared with established coral colonies. Inhibition of fertilisation and larval metamorphosis of the coral Acropora millepora (Ehrenberg, 1834) was assessed in response to solutions of the antifoulants tributyltin (TBT) and copper (Cu) using laboratory-based bioassays. Nominal concentrations that inhibited 50% fertilisation and metamorphosis (IC50) were calculated from 4 h fertilisation and 24 h metamorphosis assays and were based on introduced dose. Cu was most potent towards fertilisation with an IC50 of 17.4 micrograms/l. TBT however, proved more toxic to larval metamorphosis having an IC50 of 2.0 micrograms/l. Inert surfaces coated with either Cu- or TBT-based antifouling paint also inhibited fertilisation and metamorphosis. The degree of inhibition was correlated with surface area of the paint coating. These results indicate fertilisation and metamorphosis of coral can be sensitive to active components of antifouling paints.