广东省空气质量预报系统

文章介绍了广东省气象系统开展空气质量预报的概况，包括使用的预报工具，其预报能力与业务运行的预报质量分析，以及进一步提高预报水平的一些设想。     

华南黑碳气溶胶浓度与南海夏季风关系的年代际突变

利用重建的华南区域黑碳气溶胶(Black Carbon,BC)浓度资料,分析其与南海夏季风在年际尺度上的关系.结果 表明,华南区域BC浓度与南海夏季风的关系在2000年前后有明显的突变,由显著负相关变为显著正相关,即由高BC浓度弱季风变为高BC浓度强季风.通过合成对比分析,发现1988-1999年(第一时间段)的华南B...     

THE VARIATION OF THE SPRING PRECIPITATION IN GUANGZHOU AND ITS PRECURSORY SIGNALS

Guangzhou spring rainfall mainly exhibits interannual variation of Quasi-biannual and interdecadal variation of 30 yrs, and is in the period of weak rainfall at interdecadal time scale. SST anomalies (SSTA) of Nino3 are the strongest precursor of Guangzhou spring rainfall. They have significant positive correlation from previous November and persist stably to April. Nino3 SSTA in the previous winter affects Guangzhou spring rainfall through North Pacific subtropical high and low wind in spring. When Nino3 SSTA is positive in the previous winter, spring subtropical high is intense and westward, South China is located in the area of ascending airflow at the edge of the subtropical high, and water vapor transporting to South China is intensified by anticyclone circulation to the east of the Philippines. So Guangzhou spring rainfall is heavy. When Nino3 SSTA is negative, the subtropical high is weak and eastward, South China is far away from the subtropical high and is located in the area of descending airflow, and water vapor transporting to South China is weak because low-level cyclonic circulation controls areas to the east of the Philippines and north wind prevails in South China. So Guangzhou spring rainfall is weak and spring drought is resulted.     

平流层准两年变化对南海夏季风影响机制的探讨

利用美国大气研究中心(the National Center for Atmospheric Research, NCAR)的中层大气模式模拟了平流层准两年振荡(Quasi-Biennial Oscillation, QBO)过程对对流层顶和对流层上层的影响, 并结合NCEP(the National Centers for Environmental Prediction)/NCAR、欧洲中期天气预报中心(European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, ECMWF)月平均的风场资料和实际的探空观测资料, 分析了平流层QBO对南海夏季风的影响作用. 结果表明: 平流层QBO会引起平流层的异常经向环流并向下传播, 在QBO位相的中后期和位相转换期影响到对流层顶和对流层上层, 使热带和低纬度的对流层上层形成异常的经向气压梯度, 最终在夏季的对流层热带地区激发出不同类型的异常环流—西风位相时, 激发出与南海夏季风环流相反的异常环流, 在南海地区有显著的异常下沉运动, 对南海夏季风有削弱作用; 东风位相时, 激发出反Hadley环流型的异常环流, 在南海地区有明显的异常上升气流, 对南海夏季风有加强的效果. 虽然QBO对南海夏季风经向环流有影响, 但它并不是决定南海夏季风准两年变化的唯一因子.     

IMPACT OF TROPICAL INTRASEASONAL OSCILLATIONS ON THE PRECIPITATION OF GUANGDONG IN JUNES

The impact of tropical intraseasonal oscillations on the precipitation of Guangdong in Junes and its physical mechanism are analyzed using 30-yr (1979 to 2008), 86-station observational daily precipitation of Guangdong and daily atmospheric data from NCEP-DOE Reanalysis. It is found that during the annually first rainy season (April to June), the modulating effect of the activity of intraseasonal oscillations propagating eastward along the equator (MJO) on the June precipitation in Guangdong is different from that in other months. The most indicative effect of MJO on positive (negative) anomalous precipitation over the whole or most of the province is phase 3 (phase 6) of strong MJO events in Junes. A Northwest Pacific subtropical high intensifies and extends westward during phase 3. Water vapor transporting along the edge of the subtropical high from Western Pacific enhances significantly the water vapor flux over Guangdong, resulting in the enhancement of the precipitation. The condition is reverse during phase 6. The mechanism for which the subtropical high intensifies and extends westward during phase 3 is related to the atmospheric response to the asymmetric heating over the eastern Indian Ocean. Analyses of two cases of sustained strong rainfall of Guangdong in June 2010 showed that both of them are closely linked with a MJO state which is both strong and in phase 3, besides the effect from a westerly trough. It is argued further that the MJO activity is indicative of strong rainfall of Guangdong in June. The results in the present work are helpful in developing strategies for forecasting severe rainfall in Guangdong and extending, combined with the outputs of dynamic forecast models, the period of forecasting validity.     

6月MJO对广东降水调制与直接影响系统的联系

利用1979—2008年广东省86个测站逐日降水资料及NCEP-DOE第2套分析资料等,提出影响广东500 hPa环流系统的判别方法,分析6月赤道MJO (季节内振荡) 活动对广东降水的调制作用随中低纬度环流型的变化。结果表明:强MJO第3位相广东出现强降水的概率最高,是8个位相中唯一强降水等级出现日数超过弱降水日数的位相。在直接影响广东的5种500 hPa环流系统 (包括西风槽、西风浅槽、平直西风或高压边缘、副热带高压、热带低压槽) 中,西风槽类型影响时,赤道MJO对广东降水的调制作用最强,其他环流类型影响时,MJO的调制作用很弱。广东在西风槽影响下,当处于MJO第3位相 (第6位相) 时,降水距平百分率达到最高 (低)。MJO对广东降水的调制作用随中低纬度环流系统的变化,主要是环流系统之间的不同配合导致降水所需的动力上升条件和水汽输送条件的相互配合发生变化造成的。     

与广东持续性干旱事件有关的两类海温异常型

利用1961\_2005年广东省86个常规地面观测站降水资料、 ERSST全球月平均海温资料以及NCEP/NCAR 大气多要素再分析资料, 分析了广东跨季节持续性干旱事件(下称广东干旱)与海温外强迫之间的关系及其物理过程。结果表明, 与广东干旱相关的海温异常有赤道东太平洋海温负异常型（即La Nia型）、 赤道中太平洋海温正异常型两种类型。约在1975年之前, 广东干旱基本上属于La Nia型; 在1975年之后, 除了La Nia型外, 赤道中太平洋海温正异常型干旱出现概率明显增加。可见, 在全球气候变暖的背景下, 广东干旱成因更复杂。近几年来广东干旱频繁发生, 与赤道中太平洋海温正异常型出现概率增加有关。La Nia型、 赤道中太平洋海温正异常型与广东干旱之间都存在物理上的联系, 不同的海温异常型对广东干旱影响的物理过程有所不同, 即使同一种海温异常型对不同季节的影响过程也有所不同, 然而所有物理过程最终都是通过改变和削弱降水所需的动力条件或水汽条件, 从而造成局地干旱的发生。     

2006年东亚夏季风活动特征与我国东部雨带分布

利用1979—2006年NCEP/NCAR大气月平均资料、OLR对流和CMAP降水日平均资料,从季节平均、月平均、季节内振荡不同时间尺度分析了2006年东亚夏季风活动特征及其与雨带分布之间的联系。结果表明,2006年东亚夏季风爆发时间正常,而夏季风推进过程存在异常：前沿在华南地区和华北地区维持时间偏长、在长江流域维持时间偏短,夏季风极端北界偏北,这种推进异常与南海夏季风强度偏强有关。南海夏季风强度偏强及推进过程异常导致东亚夏季(6—8月)降水为Ⅰ类雨带分布,即长江流域降水偏少,华南、黄淮流域-朝鲜半岛-日本中南部降水偏多。从月时间尺度看,2006夏季各月都具有南海地区夏季风强度偏强、前沿位置偏北和偏东的异常趋势;西太平洋副热带高压6月偏西偏南,7、8月偏北,在这种异常形势下,长江流域6、7、8各月降水都偏少,华南地区各月以偏多为主,黄淮流域7、8月降水偏多。从季节内振荡看,2006年大气季节内振荡(ISO)纬向传播与气候平均相比具有特殊性,长江流域纬度带西传波和静止波偏弱,华南地区纬度带东传波和静止波偏强,ISO这种异常与夏季长江流域降水偏少、华南降水偏多有关。     

CONNECTION OF THE SOUTH CHINA SEA SUMMER MONSOON TO MARITIME CONTINENT CONVECTION AND ENSO

The relationship between the intensity of the South China Sea summer monsoon (SCSSM) and the Nino3.4 index and anomalous atmospheric circulation patterns associated with a strong and weak SCSSM are investigated using the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data, Extended Reconstructed Sea Surface Temperature (ERSST) data and Climate Prediction Center Merged Analysis of Precipitation (CMAP) data. The SCSSM is significantly positively correlated with the Nino3.4 index in the succeeding northern autumn and winter. In the strong minus weak SCSSM composite, a positive East Asia-Pacific teleconnection (EAP) pattern and a negative Europe-Asian-Pacific teleconnection (EUP) pattern appear in the 500 hPa height difference field; low-level cross-equatorial flows are strengthened over the Maritime Continent (MC) region; positive (negative) precipitation anomalies occur in the South China Sea and western north Pacific (MC). A possible mechanism through which SCSSM affects ENSO is proposed. A strong (weak) SCSSM strengthens (weakens) cross-equatorial flows over the MC. The anomalous cross-equatorial flows cool (warm) the SST around the MC through enhanced (reduced) surface latent heat fluxes. The cooling (warming) further leads to suppressed (enhanced) convection over the MC, and causes the anomalous westerly (easterly) in the equatorial western Pacific, which favors the onset of El Ni?o (La Ni?a) through modulating the positive air-sea feedback process.     

广东沿海夏季降水年代际变化成因分析

利用零降水日对广东沿海夏季降水的年代际变化成因进行统计相关分析,结果表明:南海表层海温(SST)对次年夏季广东沿海地区降水有明显影响,并且这种影响作用在20世纪70年代有一个明显的年代际变异;南海SST影响广东省夏季降水的敏感区域在不同的年代际阶段都非常靠近广东省,局地性非常明显。局地的海气相互作用对广东沿海夏季降水的短期气候预测有显著的意义。