A THREE-DIMENSIONAL ELASTIC NESTED-GRID MESO-(β-γ)SCALE ATMOSPHERIC MODEL——PARTI:MODEL DESCRIPTION

A three-dimensional elastic nonhydrostatic mesoscale(β-γ)model with nested-grid is presented.It uses a set of fullequations in terrain-following coordinates as its basic dynamic frame,which is solved with a time-splitting algorithmfor acoustic and gravity waves.The model physical parameterization includes a K-theory subgrid eddy mixing for cloudand free atmosphere,a bulk planetary boundary layer parameterization,and three types of sofisticated cloudmicrophysics schemes with double-parameters for hail-bearing clouds,warm clouds and snowing clouds respectively.The model is designed to be used flexibly for simulations of a variety of meso-and small-scale atmospheric processes,and can be improved as a regional and local operational NWP system in future.     

长江三角洲稻田生态系统综合增温潜势源汇交替的数值分析

将生物地球化学C, N循环模式与植被生态模式耦合, 建立了生物地球化学-植被生态耦合动力模式. 验证表明模型可以准确模拟稻田生态系统中作物生长及CH₄, N₂O排放过程. 利用模式分析了不同施肥量对CO₂吸收及CH₄, N₂O排放的影响, 以及3种温室气体综合增温潜势的演变规律, 发现了生长期内稻田综合增温潜势源汇交替现象, 提出最大汇施肥量以及零排放施肥量等概念. 利用模式研制了长江三角洲地区不同施肥方案, 为该地区可持续发展提供了科学依据.     

长江三角洲低层大气物理化学过程和生态过程的相互作用

从1999年初开始,本项目开展了全面的野外观测工作,分别在常熟、临安及青浦等地区进行了低层大气物理化学过程的综合观测,观测内容为近地面层臭氧、NO。、CO、SO。、VOC、气溶胶、辐射以及地一气热量与物质交换通量。在我国首次采用条件采样技术和涡动相关技术测量了农田N对及CO。的地一气交换通量。完成了长江三角洲地区自1978年以来遥感地理信息系统以及有关气候与大气环境等资料的收集与分析工作。对于该地区20年来土地利用、地表、气候、大气环境的变化特征与规律,取得了初步研究结果。揭露了城市化进程及污染对局地气候与环境…     

用卫星和雷达资料进行大范围降水估计

利用日本 GMS 卫星的展宽数字云图资料(Stretched Visible and Infrared Spin Scan Radiome-ter)和中国气象科学研究院的 Doppler 雷达资料,综合卫星和雷达资料进行大范围降水估计的研究。首先把卫星和雷达资料从各自的坐标系中变换到公共坐标系——双标准纬线(30°N 和60°N)Lambert 投影坐标系中,以雷达资料作为判断降水的标准,统计得到降水概率与红外亮度温度及可见光反照率的相关矩阵。然后再把这一相关矩阵应用到一定的卫星探测的大范围中,得出降水区域分布的估计结果。用该方法对1989年7月23日和8月16日两个个例进行了估计计算。     

天津地区大气颗粒物物化特性的研究

本文利用天津气象科学研究所铁塔,在1989年冬、夏两季对天津地区气溶胶颗粒物进行了粒度分布、成份分布等的测量研究。1 气溶胶颗粒物平均地面粒度谱分布的特征 为了减少观测数据的误差和气溶胶颗粒物随机性的起伏,我们把夏季和冬季相同天气条件下的观测值加以平均。夏季采样期间天气为一致的晴朗天气,能见度大于15km,采样期间绝大多数风向为     

带电水滴破碎临界电场的一个理论分析

给出了带电水滴不稳定形变时临界电场强度的理论公式,它和Macky的实验结果很符合。这结果表明,在雷雨云中电场强度值只要达到5,000伏/厘米,雨滴表面即可以产生火花放电,而可能触发云中闪电的形成。这时,由于雨滴表面放电,云中离子增加到10~(10)个/厘米~3,而大大加强了云中导电率。最后,当云中场强达到临界值时,由于雨滴的不稳定形变,3.2公分的雷达回波强度可以突然增强20倍。     

Nonstationary time series prediction by incorporating external forces

Almost all climate time series have some degree of nonstationarity due to external forces of the observed system. Therefore, these external forces should be taken into account when reconstructing the climate dy- namics. This paper presents a novel technique in predicting nonstationary time series. The main difference of this new technique from some previous methods is that it incorporates the driving forces in the pre- diction model. To appraise its effectiveness, three prediction experiments were carried out using the data generated from some known classical dynamical models and a climate model with multiple external forces. Experimental results indicate that this technique is able to improve the prediction skill effectively.     

PRELIMINARY NUMERICAL STUDY OF TOPOGRAPHIC EFFECTS OF THE TIBETAN PLATEAU ON SURFACE DIRECT RADIATION

To improve the simulating ability of a model,this paper presents a scheme of calculatingdirect radiation at land surface with topography in the model.A numerical study is conducted forthe topographic effects of the Tibetan Plateau on the direct radiation using NCEP terrain data.Results show that,after taking account into the topographic radiation effect,the regional averageof the radiation over the Plateau obviously increases in the local early morning and late afternoon,but changes less around noon.The effect is stronger in winter than that in summer.Andheterogeneous topography has also affected the distribution of the radiation in this area.A simplenumerical experiment shows that considering the effect will lead ground temperature to increase onthe slope having more sunshine,and vice versa.     

CHARACTERISTICS OF VEGETATION COVER,ROUGHNESS AND ALBEDO DISTRIBUTION OVER CHINA

To build land surface dataset for climate model,with application of remote sensing techniqueas well as the Geographic Information System(GIS),the data of surface type,roughness andalbedo over China in 1997 were retrieved,resolutions being 10 km×10 km.Based on these data,an analysis is conducted on the geographic distributions and seasonal variations of surfacevegetation cover and roughness as well as albedo over China.Results show that surface vegetationcover is mainly located to the south of Yangtze River,in Southwest and Northeast China andsparse vegetation cover is in the Northwest.The variation of land surface cover affects thevariations of land surface roughness and albedo.High albedo occurred in the north of XinjiangAutonomous Region,the north of Northeast China and the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau in winter,incorrespondence with the location of snow cover.For most part of China,surface roughness decreases and albedo increases in winter,while theroughness increases and the albedo decreases in summer,which could mainly result from landsurface cover(snow cover and vegetation cover)and soil moisture changes.This shows that thegeographic distribution and seasonal variation of the albedo are almost opposite to those of theroughness,in agreement with theoretical results.Temporally,the amplitude of surface roughnesschange is quite small in comparison with the roughness itself.     

创新育人奉献——纪念谢义炳先生诞辰90周年

今年是我国著名的气象学家、教育家、中国科学院院士、北京大学教授谢义炳先生诞辰90周年。谢义炳先生的一生,是富于创新和奉献的一生,他为我国的气象教育与人才培养,气象科学研究和气象业务现代化做出了卓越的贡献,是我国老一辈气象学家的杰出代表之一。建国初期,谢义炳先生满怀爱国热情,冲破阻力,毅然回到祖国,投身新中国气象事业的建设,以自己的学识报效祖国。他学贯中西,远见卓识,敏锐地发现和抓住学科生长点和新的机会,不断创新。20世纪50年代初期首先发现东亚上空多层锋区、急流分支和副热带高空急流。这一发现把对东亚大气环流的认识…