The expression of CYP1A,vitellogenin and zona radiata proteins in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) after oral dosing with two commercial PBDE flame retardant mixtures: absence of short-term responses

The short-term effects of the commercial PBDE flame retardant mixtures Penta-BDE and cta-BDE on the expression of cytochrome P450 1A (CYP1A), vitellogenin (Vtg) and zona radiata proteins (Zrp) were investigated in juvenile salmon (Salmo salar). For this purpose, groups of fish were dosed twice (oral intake at days I and 4) with 10 and 50 mg/kg body weight of both commercial mixtures. The fishes were sacrificed at day 7 (n = 5 for each group) and 14 (n = 6 for each group), and blood, liver, fillet, and brain were collected. Blanks and positive controls were also part of the experiment. The expressions of Vtg, Zrp, and CYPIA were measured with several techniques (EROD, ELISA, Western, Northern and Slot Blot). The values in the groups of fish treated with Penta-BDE or Octa-BDE did not significantly differ from the reference group for any of the parameters tested. In contrast, the positive control groups treated with estradiol-17beta for Vtg and Zrp expression, and beta-naphthoflavone for CYP1A expression did show a significant response, indicating the potential sensitivity of the fishes for the parameters measured. Since the results of the chemical analyses showed concentrations of a number of PBDE congeners in liver, fillet, and brain that were about three orders of magnitude above those of fish from the North Sea, it is concluded that the short-term toxicity of both commercial PBDE mixtures for these endpoints was low.     

用USEMAP软件包改善GIS中多源数据的几何相关性

地理信息系统(GIS)中的数据资料一般是从多种资料源中取得的,对多源数据进行综合数据处理时,所显示图象的几何相关性往往不很理想。为此,GIS系统用户首先应改善多源数据间的几何相关性。本文中,采用USEMAP Ⅳ软件包,以坦桑尼亚的蒙泽西城为例,进行这种改善多资料源数据间的几何相关性的试验,分析USEMAP Ⅳ软件包在改善其几何相关性方面的功能,并提出在改善过程中某些有益的建议。     

地图制图系统工程学之浅探

地图制图过程本身就是一个复杂的系统，尤其是机助制图和制图专家系统更是一复杂的系统工程。本文中，论述了引进系统工程学理论和方法对发展地图制图学的可能性，提出了某些有关地图制图工程学的基本观点，对地图制图工程学进行初步而肤浅的探讨。     

用基于栅格数据结构的USEMAP软件包制作多因素叠加专题图

以茶叶种植适应性分布图为例，介绍常规滤网制图法和用USEMAP软件包制作多因素叠加专题图的方法和步骤。     

采用计算机辅助技术对意大利中部Marche地区进行地貌—地震分区的初步设想

本文描述了采用机助技术，尤其是ＧＩＳ技术对意大利的Ｍａｒｃｈｅ地区进行分区，本课题的最终目的是确定一种预测不稳定性和地震灾害的方法作为土地利用规划的有价值工具。建议的分类原则是：同时考虑地质，地貌和地震因素，前者试图识别５个主要地区和１７个系统，而后者表示３个主要区域部分，每一部分区域由不同的地震级来表示其特性，通过这两类地图的叠加，按照地质一地貌学和地震级来确定同质的更小区域（亚系统）是有可能实     

Triton: stratospheric molecules and organic sediments

Hydrocarbons and nitriles are produced in Triton's stratosphere by energetic electrons from Neptune's magnetosphere and other charged particle sources. Laboratory plasma experiments reported here show a substantial yield of molecules from low pressure flows of 10(-3) CH4 in N2 appropriate to Triton if both CH4 and N2 are saturated at the surface. An active magnetosphere similar to that of Uranus would result in a flux approximately 0.3 erg cm-2 s-1 of 0.1-1 MeV electrons in Triton's stratosphere; molecular production rates are then 10(6)-10(8) cm-2 s-1 for NH3, C2H2, HCN, and NCCN; tens of hundreds of gm cm-2 of these compounds per 10(9) yr (and lesser quantities of at least eight other molecules experimentally detected) would freeze to fine-grained white condensates in the lower stratosphere and sediment to the surface. Along with dark/colored organic haze produced in the stratosphere and other heteropolymers produced at the surface, these condensates are subjects to redistribution by aeolian processes and may appear as lag deposits and/or sediment layers. A simple eddy diffusion model indicates abundances approximately 10(19) molec cm-2 for HCN and C2H2, and > 10(17) molec cm-2 for NCCN, CH3CCH, CH2CCH2, and CH3CN in the stratosphere; these and other organic molecules will be detectable by IRIS if the stratosphere is (as expected) heated through ultraviolet and visible light absorption by the haze.     

模糊数学基础知识及其在地图制图学中的应用讲座 第六讲 一种新的模糊聚类分析方法在制图组合指标分类中的应用

随着科学技术的发展.采用多维变量统计指标进行组合分类的基本理论和方法的研究已经成为专题制图中研究的重要课题之一。国内文献中已介绍有枝状图表法、主导区域法、面积法、模糊聚类法。这里介绍一种新的模糊聚类分析方法,它把样本同时进行分级归类,运用于本来存在着指标分级的制图样本,如果指标不分级,也可看作本法特例进行聚类。这种方法以模糊数学为原理,计算简单、可靠,因此,这个方法有广泛的实用价值。下面举一个例子介绍这种新的模糊聚     

E·Imhof与理论制图学

国际地图学一代大师——瑞士地图制图学家、第一任国际制图协会(ICA)主席Eduard Imhof教授已于1986年谢世,他在制图学理论方面提出了许多新的见解,为制图科学的发展作出了巨大的贡献。早在五十年代中期,Imhof发表了题为“理论制图学的任务和方法”(Aufgabenund Methoden der theoretischen Kartogr-aphie)的文章,详细地阐述了理论制图学的研究范围,涉及内容和它的地位。他的观点获得世界许多国家制图学家们的支持,在制图学发生根本变革的今天,介绍一下他的观点仍然是有意义的。Imhof认为:现代地图编制和生产体现不同职业的联合成果,并且各个环节都互相密切地配合,尤其是边缘学科的渗透和先进技术的使用引起了各个学科专门化的加剧,使地图制图学分成各个专门的学科。     

专题制图中多因素数据的Fuxxy-Grey局势决策综合分类

专题制图中，所收集到的数据经常是单因素的，而在专题地图上却往往需要把多个单因素专题数据进行综合分类来表示。本文中，采用Fuzzy-Grey局势决策（下简称F-G决策）来研究多因素专题数据的综合分类问题，把“数据的模糊性”引入到灰色局势决策之中，根据不同情况，讨论各局势上效果测度中模糊隶属度确定的建模方法，在合适的隶属函数的基础上，在计算机上对实例分类进行程序运行，获得满意的结果。研究表明应用该方法在专题制图中对多因素数据进行综合分类是一种有效的手段。