The hydrological influence of black locust plantations in the loess area of northwest China

Black locust (Robina pseudoacacia) has become one of the most important shelter species in the loess area of northwest China. This paper summarizes recent research concerning its hydrological influence, including canopy interception, litter absorption capacity, its effect on rainfall kinetic energy, infiltration rates, surface runoff, soil moisture, and evapotranspiration, and its role in soil conservation. Several predictive models are listed. on the basis of existing results, optimum characteristics for an effective plantation are defined, and problems requiring further research are identified.     

To afforest the desert with the technology of peat composed of rotten mosses and the sustainable development of the oases

Only by providing the good conditions for the growth of plants can a favorable ecologicalenvironment on which human beings rely for existence be created. The upside-down-T dou-ble-layer water-conserving afforestation way is developed according to the situation of the short-age of water resources, low soil fertility and vast land in the arid areas. The characteristics of theafforestation way are to change the microenvironment in the root area of the plants, provide thefavorable conditions for the growth of plants, and reduce the necessary conditions for the growth ofplants in large areas in the arid regions. Meanwhile, the size of its water-conserving layer can bechanged according to the size of the planted trees. The different ways of the bottom wa-ter-conserving layer can be used according to the requirements. The afforestation way is suitablefor planting trees on a small scale and also for afforesting on a large scale under the adverse cir-cumstances in the arid areas, and has been effectively used in the afforestation in the hinterland ofTaklamakan Desert and the southern marginal zone of Gurbantonggut Desert. The prospects ofthe afforestation way are broad in afforestation and desertification control in the desert regions.     

On the land use in Three Gorges Reservoir area

In this study the arable land changes in two counties (Zigui and Xingshan) in the Three Gorges Reservoir area in China are investigated. The statistical data from the officially published statistical books are used to study these changes in the two counties during the past 50 years since 1949. The changes of arable land, changes of arable land per capita, and changes of multiple crop index in Zigui and Xingshan counties are examined. Using an index method, we conclude that the two counties are critical in the sustainable utilization of arable land.     

Optimisation of underwater visual census and controlled angling methods for monitoring subtidal temperate reef fish communities

Standardised sampling protocols for monitoring fish stocks are essential to assess changes in stock status and provide a means to evaluate the effectiveness of fisheries management measures, such as marine protected areas (MPAs). This study aimed to optimise two standard sampling methods, namely underwater visual census (UVC) and controlled angling, for assessing subtidal reef fish communities. In terms of efficiency, variability and bias, UVC transects were found to be superior to point counts. For controlled angling, an effort of two angler-hours per fishing station provided low catch variability, high catch per unit effort and a representative catch. Whereas UVC provided less variable estimates of relative density, controlled angling provided greater sampling efficiency. It is thus recommended that the two methods be used in conjunction. The optimal sampling protocols identified are suitable for rapid assessments or long-term monitoring of subtidal, temperate reef fish communities.     

An integral approach to bedrock river profile analysis

Bedrock river profiles are often interpreted with the aid of slope–area analysis, but noisy topographic data make such interpretations challenging. We present an alternative approach based on an integration of the steady‐state form of the stream power equation. The main component of this approach is a transformation of the horizontal coordinate that converts a steady‐state river profile into a straight line with a slope that is simply related to the ratio of the uplift rate to the erodibility. The transformed profiles, called chi plots, have other useful properties, including co‐linearity of steady‐state tributaries with their main stem and the ease of identifying transient erosional signals. We illustrate these applications with analyses of river profiles extracted from digital topographic datasets. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

云开地区断裂构造对金矿的控制作用

云开地区断裂构造对金矿的控制主要表现在两个方面：其一,断裂带带内的大断裂及大断裂的次级断裂,分别控制着区内的金矿带、矿带内的主要金矿床（点）及金矿体;其二,断裂构造的力学性质、活动期次及构造岩发育程度等,控制或影响着金矿的矿石组构特征、矿化期次及矿化强度等。本文还对断裂构造的控矿机制进行了探讨。     

山东淄博晚石炭世双壳类动物群及其古生态特征

本文记述了采自山东淄博地区晚石炭世太原组双壳类化石１５属２８种，讨论了化石组合特征．在研究双壳类动物群的基础上，划分了３个动物群落，即：Ａｃａｎｔｈｏｐｅｃｔｅｎ群落、Ｐａｌａｃｏｌｉｍａ群落和Ａｉｔａｒｔｅｌｌａ群落，并对各群落的生态特征进行了系统研究．     

2005年10月巴基斯坦MW7.6地震对余震的触发研究

本文研究分析了2005年10月8日巴基斯坦主震产生的库仑破裂应力变化对余震的影响。计算时考虑了以下因素：（1）断层泥区域的孔隙流体压力和介质弹性常数与周围介质中的不同；（2）地震震源区的构造应力场方向；（3）将震源区构造应力和主震破裂产生的应力叠加计算得到余震破裂机制。该研究考虑了多种因素，计算结果与余震的分布比较吻合。结果表明2005年10月8日巴基斯坦主震对大部分余震有触发作用。     

西宁市区土层剪切波速随深度变化特征

通过对西宁市区67个钻孔剪切波速资料整理,采用最小二乘法进行统计回归分析,得到西宁市土层剪切波速Vs随土层埋深H的经验关系式,西宁市典型土类Vs与H的经验关系。并且通过实测剪切波速与预测剪切波速的对比,验证所得经验关系式的适用性。