Observations of vertical ground accelerations exceeding gravity during the 1997 Umbria-Marche (central Italy) earthquakes

We found extensive evidence that the vertical ground accelerations produced during the largest shock (M = 6.0) of the 1997 Umbria-Marche earthquake sequence exceeded 1g in two areas close to the heavily-damaged villages of Annifo and Colle Croce. This evidence comes from the striking observation of thousands of freshly fractured and broken rocks and stones in these areas. Some of the broken stones lie isolated on soft detritic soil while others had been previously piled up, probably a long time agoto clear the fields for farming. The freshness of the cuts and fractures and the consistency of the observations for thousands of rocks and stones in these areas indicate that these rocks were thrown upwards during the earthquake, with breakage occurring at the time of impact. Ground motion calculations consistent with the static deformation inferred from GPS and interferometry data, show that the broken stones and rocks are found in the zone where the strongest shaking took place during the earthquake and that most of the shaking there was vertical.     

Stone run (block stream) formation in the Falkland Islands over several cold stages,deduced from cosmogenic isotope (10Be and 26Al) surface exposure dating

Cosmogenic isotope (¹⁰Be and ²⁶Al) surface exposure dating has been applied to valley‐axis and hillslope stone runs (relict periglacial block streams) and their source outcrops in the Falkland Islands, South Atlantic. The data indicate that stone runs are considerably older landforms than previously envisaged and afford no evidence that they are a product of the Last Glacial Maximum; the samples range in apparent ¹⁰Be age from 42k to 731k yr BP, but some of these are minima. The results indicate that valley‐axis stone runs may be up to 700–800k yr old, have simple exposure histories and are composite landforms that developed over several cold stages. Analyses of some hillslope and outcrop samples also demonstrate simple exposure histories with ¹⁰Be ages from 42k to 658k yr BP. In contrast, isotopic ratios from other hillslope and outcrop samples reveal they have had a complex exposure history involving periods of burial or shielding; the samples range in ¹⁰Be age from 59k to 569k yr BP and these are regarded as minimum age estimates. Larger stone runs may be older than smaller runs and there is a possibility that stone runs older than 800k yr exist in other parts of the Falklands. The assertion that glaciation in the Falklands was restricted to the highest uplands is supported by the data, and the potential for age determination of other boulder‐strewn and bedrock landforms, using cosmogenic isotope analysis, in order to extend the geochronology of Quaternary events and processes is noted. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

常规定量CT鉴别尿路结石成分的研究

目的：探讨螺旋CT各参数鉴别尿路结石成分的价值。方法：收集2016年5月至2018年3月我院112例尿路结石患者的术前CT图像资料,测量尿路结石直径（d）、平均CT值（HUm）及CT值标准差（HUsd）,并计算平均CT值/直径的比值（HUd）,再以术后红外线光谱结果为参照标准,比较各类结石成分d、HUm、HUsd及HUd的差异,并运用受试者工作特征曲线（ROC曲线）评价其鉴别结石成分的效能。结果：尿酸结石21例、一水草酸钙结石49例、碳酸磷灰石10例和混合结石27例,尿酸结石的HUm、HUsd及HUd值均明显低于其他类型结石;尿酸结石与非尿酸结石（一水草酸钙结石、碳酸磷灰石、混合结石）之间的HUm、HUsd及HUd值差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）;非尿酸结石之间的HUm、HUsd及HUd值差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05）;各类结石的d值差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05）;d、HUm、HUsd及HUd鉴别尿酸结石的ROC曲线下面积（AUC）为0.444、0.915、0.972及0.858。结论：螺旋CT的HUm、HUsd及HUd值均能鉴别尿酸结石和非尿酸结石,其中以HUsd的鉴别效能最佳,但不能区分各类型非尿酸结石。     

青岛市崂山风景区崩塌地质灾害治理方法探讨——以大平岚崩塌人造景观石治理为例

青岛市崂山风景区旅游主线大平岚附近发生崩塌地质灾害,导致崂山风景区南线道路全线封闭,崩落巨石上方的残留危岩体存在严重安全隐患,急需治理。为使原有景观石得以保护,又不致于形成新的视觉污染,利用人造景观石在崂山风景区大平岚崩塌地质灾害治理工程中进行了探索。实践证明,该方案投资少、工期短、效果好,既消除了崩塌地质灾害隐患,使原有景观石得到了保护,又未形成新的视觉污染,为人造景观石在风景区地质灾害治理工程中的应用起到了示范作用。     

黑龙江省黑山大理岩饰面石材矿床地质特征及综合利用

本文阐述了黑龙江省巴彦县黑山大理岩饰面石材矿床的地质特征、矿石的花色品种、产品的装饰性能等特点。     

玄武岩盖层下石林的岩溶动力学特征

受玄武岩盖层的影响,石林地区的地下水在雨季和旱季对碳酸盐岩都具有侵蚀性,玄武岩盖层空气CO2呈现出低—高—低的双向变化梯度。溶蚀试验表明．地下0～0．6m,水平方向的溶蚀量大于垂直方向的溶蚀量,而随着深度的增加,垂直方向的溶蚀量大于水平方向。富含CO2的水通过具有最大渗透张量和较小主轴倾角的玄武岩裂隙下渗,对碳酸盐岩的溶蚀作用表现为一个脱钙、富铝铁、硅迁移的复杂过程,并在地下0～0．6m形成许多水平凹槽、穿洞等岩溶形态,而地表0．6m以下以垂向溶蚀为主,有利于石柱的形成与发育。     

Impact of draining hilly lands on runoff and on‐site erosion: a case study from humid Ethiopia

The use of drainage ditches on farmland has an impact on erosion processes both on‐site and off‐site, though their environmental impacts are not unequivocal. Here we study the runoff response and related rill erosion after installing drainage ditches and assess the effects of stone bunds in north Ethiopia. Three different land management systems were studied in 10 cropland catchments around Wanzaye during the rainy season of 2013: (1) the exclusive use of drainage ditches (locally called feses), (2) the exclusive use of stone bunds, and (3) a mixture of both systems. Stone bunds are an effective soil and water conservation technique, making the land more resistant against on‐site erosion, and allowing feses to be installed at a larger angle with the contour. The mean rill volumes for the 10 studied cropland catchments during the rainy season of 2013 was 3.73 ± 4.20 m³ ha^?1 corresponding to a soil loss of 5.72 ± 6.30 ton ha^?1. The establishment of feses causes larger rill volumes (R = 0.59, N = 10), although feses are perceived as the best way to avoid soil erosion when no stone bunds are present. The use of feses increases event‐based runoff coefficients (RCs) on cropland from c. 5% to values up to 39%. Also, a combination of low stone bund density and high feses density results in a higher RC, whereas catchments with a high stone bund density and low feses density have a lower RC. Peak runoff discharges decrease when stone bund density increases, whereas feses density is positively related to the peak runoff discharge. A multiple linear relation in which both feses and stone bund densities are used as explanatory variable, performs best in explaining runoff hydrograph peakedness (R² = 83%). Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

观赏石及其分类

本文首先介绍了观赏石的概念,然后提出了观赏石的命名原则,进而按矿物的化学成分和晶形、岩石的成因、化石种类、陨石的化学和矿物成分、天然造型、用途等方面对观赏石进行了分类。最后阐明了观赏石是重要的自然资源。     

大型石化地基振冲碎石桩处理现场试验研究

针对大型炼厂工程地基处理的复杂性,开展了振冲碎石桩的现场试验。利用静力触探试验检测桩体密实度和判别饱和砂土液化。基于旁压试验、标准贯入试验和重型动力触探试验结果,分析了施工前后地基承载力和土体工程特性变化情况。以单桩和复合地基载荷试验结果验证了桩间土、单桩及复合地基的承载性能。研究结果表明,振冲碎石桩对桩长范围的砂土具有明显的挤密效应,工程特性和场地的均匀性在处理后有了明显改善和提高,有效地消除了桩长范围内砂土的液化可能性。静载荷试验结果表明,振冲碎石桩复合地基承载力能达到设计要求;振冲碎石桩对砂土层下卧黏性土层的加固作用不明显,部分深度范围内土体强度降低;当地面以下10 m内不存在厚度大于5 m的软土夹层时,较薄的软土夹层状对挤密加固其余深度的砂土未产生明显影响,对地基承载力影响亦较小。     

泥石流巨石冲击下的钢构格栅坝动力响应分析

泥石流中的巨石冲击是造成拦挡结构破坏的最直接因素,因此设置钢构格栅坝拦截大石块,对减小泥石流冲击破坏有十分重要的作用。本文就钢构格栅坝结构模型,利用国际通用计算动力荷载的非线性有限元软件ANSYS/LSDYNA进行数值模拟。用钢球模拟巨石,分别在格栅坝中间榀顶层梁柱节点和中间榀顶层柱中部施加冲击荷载,分析在冲击荷载作用下结构的动力响应。结果表明：作用在结构上的冲击力大小与被冲击构件刚度大小密切相关,被冲击构件刚度越大,结构受到的冲击力越大,反之,冲击力越小;钢构格栅坝在冲击作用下,冲击作用部位、结构支座部位及梁柱节点部位响应较大,设计时应予以加强;且钢构格栅坝不同位置遭受冲击作用时结构响应完全不同,与冲击力作用在梁柱节点时相比较,冲击力作用在构件中部时结构整体响应明显较小。该结果为泥石流拦挡工程中钢构格栅坝的设计提供了参考。