Study of charge structure and radiation characteristic of intracloud discharge in thunderstorms of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

The comprehensive observations on lightning discharges were conducted in Naqu area of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in summer of 2002. The electric structures of thunderstorms and the characteristics of lightning discharges at initial stage were analyzed by using the observation data. The results show that most of intracloud (IC) lightning flashes were polarities inverted in thunderstorms with tripole electric charge structure and occurred between negative charge region located in the middle of the thunderstorm and positive charge region located at the bottom of the thunderstorm. The radiation characteristics of discharge processes in cloud with longer lasting time involved in Cloud-to-Ground (CG) lightning flashes were similar to that of IC discharges.A lot of radiation pulses were produced in these discharge processes. Because the IC discharges took place at the bottom of thundercloud and were near the ground, they may produce more serious damage to equipment on the ground therefore should not be neglected in lightning protection.     

倾斜摄影测量技术在数字城市三维建模中的应用与展望

自2006年国家测绘地理信息局启动数字城市地理空间框架建设试点工作以来,数字城市建设的社会化应用取得了丰硕的成果,在国民经济和社会发展的各个领域中发挥了重要的作用。作为数字城市地理空间框架建设工程的重要组成部分,三维数字城市模型能较好地从多角度体现城市的立体景观,较直观且真实地还原城市风貌,为城市的规划、建设,以及民众出行带来便利。其中,在数字城市三维建模过程中,倾斜摄影测量技术得到了国内外大量研究学者的关注,其在我国数字城市的建设和发展中具有重要意义。本文较为系统地总结了现阶段倾斜摄影测量技术在我国数字城市三维建模过程中的应用概况,深入探究了其在数字城市建设过程中的具体案例,并对基于倾斜摄影测量技术的三维数字城市建模在城市信息化建设中的应用前景进行了展望。     

Response of the western North Pacific subtropical ocean to the slow-moving super typhoon Nanmadol

Based on in-situ observation, satellite and reanalysis data, responses of the western North Pacific subtropical ocean(WNPSO) to the slow-moving category 5 super typhoon Nanmadol in 2011 are analyzed. The dynamical response is dominated by near-inertial currents and Ekman currents with maximum amplitude of 0.39 m/s and 0.15 m/s, respectively. The near-inertial currents concentrated around 100 m below the sea surface and had an e-folding timescale of 4 days. The near-inertial energy propagated both upward and downward, and the vertical phase speed and wavelength were estimated to be 5 m/h and 175 m, respectively. The frequency of the near-inertial currents was blue-shifted near the surface and redshifted in ocean interior which may relate to wave propagation and/or background vorticity. The resultant surface cooling reaches -4.35℃ and happens when translation speed of Nanmadol is smaller than 3.0 m/s.When Nanmadol reaches super typhoon intensity, the cooling is less than 3.0℃ suggesting that the typhoon translation speed plays important roles as well as typhoon intensity in surface cooling. Upwelling induced by the slow-moving typhoon wind leads to typhoon track confined cooling area and the right-hand bias of cooling is slight. The mixed layer cooling and thermocline warming are induced by wind-generated upwelling and vertical entrainment. Vertical entrainment also led to mixed layer salinity increase and thermocline salinity decrease, however, mixed layer salinity decrease occurs at certain stations as well. Our results suggest that typhoon translation speed is a vital factor responsible for the oceanic thermohaline and dynamical responses, and the small Mach number(slow typhoon translation speed) facilitate development of Ekman current and upwelling.     

湘黔汞矿带旋扭构造动力作用与成矿规律

湘西黔东地区,在古生代沉积盖层中,北北东向保靖-铜仁断裂带的东侧,发育一系列北东向平移逆冲压扭性断裂构造带,它们均具有相似的变形特征和动力学机制,构成一个大型压扭性旋扭构造系统。旋扭构造控制了湘黔汞矿带的分布,其中北东向断裂带控制了汞矿带内各矿田的展布,而由北东向断裂带所派生的次级张扭性断裂裂隙带,则控制了单个矿体或矿床的产出和定位,特大型和大型汞矿床均产于旋扭构造的应力强区内。     

A new method for the estimation of oceanic mixed-layer depth using shipboard X-band radar images

Shipboard X-band radar images acquired on 24 June 2009 are used to study nonlinear internal wave characteristics in the northeastern South China Sea. The studied images show three nonlinear internal waves in a packet. A method based on the Radon Transform technique is introduced to calculate internal wave parameters such as the direction of propagation and internal wave velocity from backscatter images. Assuming that the ocean is a two-layer finite depth system, we can derive the mixed-layer depth by applying the internal wave velocity to the mixed-layer depth formula. Results show reasonably good agreement with in-situ thermistor chain and conductivity-temperature-depth data sets.     

对流和层状云系电活动、对流及降水特性的相关分析

通过对６次不同云系电特性、回波、对流及降水特性的综合分析,探讨了它们之间的相关性。结果表明：除不稳定能量外,－１０℃层和０℃层高度以及他们之间的高度差、０℃层与云顶的高度差也是表征雷暴动力和电特性的重要参量;雷暴云起电过程对冰相作用有较强的依赖性;雷暴中的电活动与对流活动成正相关,闪电多发生在３０ｄＢｚ强回波高度大于－１０℃层高度时段内,强烈的电活动与强降雨有很好的对应关系,而与一般性降雨对应关系较差;在雷暴消散期,闪电可能会影响雷暴的特性     

阿古拉斯流域亚中尺度过程的能量分析

本文基于(1/48)°MITgcm数值模拟结果,通过频率-波数谱分析等方法分离地转平衡和非地转运动,分析了阿古拉斯流域亚中尺度的分布特征,讨论了其季节性变化的主要影响因素.结果表明,阿古拉斯流域亚中尺度过程具有冬强夏弱的显著季节变化特征,混合层斜压不稳定是影响该流域亚中尺度季节性差异的主要原因.此外,在涡动能较强的区域,地转平衡运动始终主导亚中尺度过程,季节性变化较小;在涡动能较弱的区域,地转平衡与非地转分量具有明显的季节性差异,局地混合层浅化可能是导致夏季非地转分量贡献增加的主要机制.本文研究结果有助于进一步探究阿古拉斯流域亚中尺度的季节性变化及其主导因素,地转平衡与非地转运动的有效分离加强了我们对海洋多尺度之间能量传递的理解.     

卫星观测的我国近海海域闪电分布特征

利用星载闪电探测仪OTD（optical transient detecter）和LIS(lightning imaging sensor)所获取的1995年6月—2006年4月的卫星闪电资料,结合NOAA Optimum Interpolation SST 海温资料,分析我国近海海域的闪电分布时空特征以及闪电活动与该海域海温之间的相关性。结果表明：我国近海闪电密度平均值为3.39 fl·km-2·a-1,其中,南海和渤海的闪电活动相对频繁,随着与海岸线间距离以及纬度的增加,该海域闪电密度逐渐下降;在春季和冬季,黑潮主干海域的海温值相对较高,该处闪电活动也明显强于同纬度的东海近海和太平洋海域,表明黑潮海域是强闪电活动区;在季节变化上,我国近海海域闪电活动与同海域海温呈明显正相关,相关系数达0.797,闪电活动与海温变化体现出了一致的变化趋势;而在年际变化上,我国近海海域闪电活动与该海域海温的线性相关不显著,说明我国近海海域海温的年际变化并不是引起该海域闪电活动年际变化的主要原因。     

利用GCM模式对全球雷电活动的模拟分析

将修正的参数化方案嵌套入美国马里兰大学海-陆-气研究中心的全球大气环流谱模式(COLAGCM),建立了可用于全球雷电活动模拟与估测的模式系统.通过对模式输出与实况资料的对比,检验其气候模拟性能.虽然模式的分辨率较低但经过较长时间积分,仍可再现实况资料的主要特征.性能良好,计算稳定,且因时间步长较大可大大节省机时.耦合模式系统经长时间的积分后,模拟的多年平均的全球雷电频次时空分布及变化与观测分析较一致.全球范围内每秒钟平均有79次的雷电发生,陆海比为12.2.多发生在北半球夏季且具明显的季节变化特征.