带微处理器的自动校时数字钟

本文就目前地震台站普遍使用的小规模CMOS电路构成的数字钟元件多、可靠性不高等缺点,提出以INTEL 51系列单片机为核心构成的具有自动校对功能的数字钟,本系统硬件结构简单,系统可靠性强,并可自动根据BMP信号校时,操作简便且精度高。     

Geochemistry and occurrence of inorganic gas accumulations in Chinese sedimentary basins

Inorganic gases are commonly seen in eastern China and occasionally in southern China from the shallow water columns above hot and cold springs. The gases contain 68% to nearly 100% CO₂, with δ¹³C_CO2 and δ¹³C₁ values in the range of −1.18‰ to −6.00‰ and −19.48‰ to −24.94‰, respectively. All of the 34 large inorganic CO₂ and one inorganic methane accumulations discovered in China are distributed in eastern parts of the country, from both onshore and continental shelf basins. No commercial inorganic gas accumulation has been found in central and western China. This is a review of the occurrence and geochemical characteristics of inorganic gas accumulations in Chinese sedimentary basins. A detailed study of gas samples collected from four representative inorganic CO₂ pools and one possible inorganic methane pool indicates that inorganic alkane gases typically show δ¹³C₁ values greater than −10‰ versus PDB (mostly −30‰), with a positive stable carbon isotope sequence of δ¹³C₁ < δ ¹³C₂ < δ¹³C₃ < δ ¹³C₄. In contrast, the δ¹³C₁ values of biogenic alkane gases are lighter than −30‰, with a negative isotope sequence (i.e. δ¹³C₁ > δ¹³C₂ > δ ¹³C₃ > δ¹³C₄). Inorganic gases also tend to show less negative δ¹³C_CO2 values (−10‰) than biogenic gases (<−10‰).     

基于有限元强度折减法的边坡稳定性分析

运用有限元强度折减法进行边坡的稳定性分析,同时运用简化bishop法对比结果,发现运用强度折减法进行边坡稳定性分析时,伴随着折减系数的增大,边坡的坡顶水平位移最初缓慢增大,但当折减系数接近边坡的安全系数,坡顶水平位移突然急剧减小,边坡的塑性区也伴随着折减系数的增大,从无到有,直到基本贯通。运用简化bishop法计算的结果和强度折减法的结果对比后得知,两者计算得到破裂面基本一致,但是简化bishop法得到的安全系数偏于保守。     

Quantifying time lag of epikarst-spring hydrograph response to rainfall using correlation and spectral analyses

Understanding spring-flow characteristics in karst areas is very important for efficient utilization of water resources. The time lag of a spring-hydrograph response to rainfall is related to karst hydrogeological properties such as thickness, porosity and hydraulic conductivity. The length of the time lag can be determined based on results of the time-series analysis. However, some approaches, with different identifying indicators, give different lengths of the time lag. In this study, the flow-discharge series of two hillslope springs located in a karst area of southwest China were used to compute lengths of the time lag. The thickness and porosity of the epikarst-zone fractures on the two hillslopes were estimated based on a ground-penetrating radar investigation and field measurement. Based on comparison of lengths of the time lag computed by auto- and cross-correlation analyses, the identifying indicators of the time lag were classified into three types for measuring short, intermediate and long-term responses of the spring hydrograph to rainfall. The study also reveals that the time lag of spring-hydrograph response to rainfall in the thick epikarst zone is much longer than that in the thin epikarst zone.     

气候变化和人类活动对永定河流域径流变化影响定量研究

以永定河流域为研究对象,在对永定河流域1957-2010年降水、实际蒸发和气温实测资料进行趋势分析的基础上,建立SWAT模型,验证了还原径流的必要性,对气候变化和人类活动对永定河流域径流的影响进行了定量研究。结果表明：20世纪60、70年代为永定河流域的丰水期,80年代至今为枯水期。永定河流域80年代后的实测径流资料受气候变化和人类活动影响显著,需进行径流还原后才能保证径流资料的一致性。气候变化是80年代后期径流减少的主要原因,其贡献量约占总减少量的65.4%,人类活动的贡献量占34.6%,也是不容忽视的因素。     

Digital Image Based Approach for Three-Dimensional Mechanical Analysis of Heterogeneous Rocks

Summary This paper presents a digital image based approach for three-dimensional (3-D) numerical simulation and failure analysis of rocks by taking into account the actual 3-D heterogeneity. Digital image techniques are adopted to extract two-dimensional (2-D) material heterogeneity from material surface images. The 2-D image mesostructures are further extrapolated to 3-D cuboid mesostructures by assuming the material surface as a representation of the inner material heterogeneity within a very small depth. The iterative milling and scanning system is set up to generate the 3-D rock mesostructures. A Hong Kong granite specimen is used as an example to demonstrate the procedure of 3-D mesostructure establishment. The mechanical responses and failure process under the conventional Brazilian tensile test condition are examined through numerical analyses. The stress distribution, crack propagation process and failure model of heterogeneous material cases are simulated with a finite difference software. The numerical results indicate that material heterogeneity plays an important role in determining the failure behavior of rocks under external loading.     

REE and (э)Nd of clay fractions in sediments from the eastern Pacific Ocean: Evidence for clay sources

Clay fractions in the non-calcareous surface sediments from the eastern Pacific were analyzed for clay minerals, REE and 143Nd/144Nd. Montmorillonite/illite ratio (M/I ratio), total REE contents ((REE), LREE/HREE ratio and cerium anomaly (бCe) may effectively indicate the genesis of clay minerals. Clay fractions with M/I ratio >1, бCe (0.85, (REE (400 μg/g, LREE/HREE ratio (4, and REE patterns similar to those of pelagic sediments are terrigenous and autogenetic mixed clay fractions and contain more autogenetic montmorillonite. Clay fractions with M/I ratio <1, бCe=0.86 to 1.5, ΣREE=200 to 350 μg/g, LREE/HREE ratio (6 and REE distribution patterns similar to that of China loess are identified as terrigenous clay fraction. The 143Nd/144Nd ratios or (э)Nd values of clay fractions inherit the features of terrigenous sources of clay minerals. Clay fractions are divided into 4 types according to (э)Nd values. Terrigenous clay minerals of type I with the (э)Nd values of -8 to -6 originate mainly from North American fluvial deposits. Those of type II with the (э)Nd values of -9 to -7 are mainly from the East Asia and North American fluvial deposits. Those of type III with (э)Nd values of -6 to -3 could come from the central and eastern Pacific volcanic islands. Those of type IV with (э)Nd values of -13 to -12 may be from East Asia eolian. The terrigenous and autogenetic mixed clay fractions show patchy distributions, indicating that there are volcanic or hot-spot activities in the eastern Pacific plate, while the terrigenous clay fractions cover a large part of the study area, proving that the terrigenous clay minerals are dominant in the eastern Pacific.     

云南地区6级以上地震前M_s≥4.7级地震的时空特征标度

本文研究了1920年以来,云南地区M_s≥4.7级地震的时间序列及空间分布的特征标度。结果表明,当区内M_s≥4.7级地震在时间序列上出现我们定义的平静段和活跃段后,分别于418天和312天内即可能发生6级以上地震,对应率分别为71％和87％,1920年以来云南11次M_s≥6.8级地震前,出现活跃和平静特征标度的各5次。在空间上绝大多数(80％)大震震中处于我们所定义的长时间大范围空白缺震背景区或相对少震区内,仅少数(20％)位于4.7级以上地震相对密集区内或附近。4.7级以上地震上述时间序列及空间分布特征标度,可以作为云南6级,特别是6.8级以上地震中期或短期预测的判据和指标。同时可以看出,云南6级以上地震前,4.7级以上地震在时空演变上,经历了从无序到有序的演化过程。