ANALYSES OF THE DYNAMIC EFFECTS ON WINTER CIRCULATION OF THE TWO MAIN MOUNTAINS IN THE NORTHERN HEMISPHERE——Ⅱ.VERTICAL PROPAGATION OF PLANETARY WAVES

A linear,hemispheric and stationary spectral model with multilayers in the vertical was employed to simulate thevertical propagation of waves triggered by mountains.Results show that,in cooperation with the East Asia zonal meanflow,Tibetan Plateau can excite a strong wavenumber 1 perturbation in the stratosphere with its ridge and trough lo-cated over the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans respectively.On the other hand,the stratospheric wavenumber 1 perturbationcaused by the mechanical forcing of the Rocky Mountains in cooperation with the North America zonal mean flow isvery weak.Calculations from observational data of the vertical profile of critical wavenumber for vertically propagatingwaves imply that the tropospheric wavenumber 1 perturbation can hardly penetrate the North America tropopause up-wards,whereas it can freely propagate through the East Asia tropopause into the stratosphere.Two-dimensional E-Pcross-sections obtained from both observational data and simulated results also demonstrate that waves excited by theRocky Mountains are refracted towards low latitudes in the troposphere during their upward propagation:whereas,inaddition to the above mentioned equatorward leaning branch,the wavenumber 1 and 2 planetary waves excited by theTibetan Plateau possess another branch which is refracted to high latitudes during upward propagation and penetratesthe tropopause into the stratosphere.It is therefore concluded that the difference in the horizontal and vertical wavepropagations in the two hemispheres is a result of the different dynamical forcing induced by the two main mountains inthe Northern Hemisphere.     

THE EFFECTS OF MECHANICAL FORCING ON THE MEAN MERIDIONAL CIRCULATION AND TRANSFER PROPERTIES OF THE ATMOSPHERE

Experiments using a quasi-geostrophic model and the ECMWF T21 spectral model with and without orography are performed to investigate the effects of mechanical forcing on the mean meridional circulation. Results show that mechanical forcing intensifies the horizontal poleward heat flux and redistributes the eddy angular momentum in the vertical, and that this changes significantly the intensity and location of the mean meridional circulation centres.It is shown how the mean meridional circulation is set up in such a way to satisfy both the dynamical and thermodynamical transport requirements of the model atmosphere. Whenever external forcing changes the eddy fluxes, the Coriolis torques from the upper horizontal branches of the mean meridional circulations change to balance the extra divergence of eddy momentum flux, and additional adiabatic heating is produced by the vertical branches of the toroids to balance the extra divergence of eddy heat flux. The mean meridional circulation is, therefore, confirm     

大气平衡态的动力特征——Ⅰ:多平衡态的共面和非共面性质

本文设计了一个有地形、强迫源和摩擦耗散的球面正压低阶模型来研究大气平衡态的动力特征。在相空间中,存在各平衡态共存的非线性作用曲面、角动量平面和强迫耗散球面。多平衡态的共面特征反映着大气运动的全局行为。指出大气运动的非线性特征只为多平衡态的存在提供可能性,但不提供必然性。动能和位涡拟能的分析表明,不同平衡态处在不同的能级,具有不同的拟能态,在相空间上位于不同的能量球面上。了解各态间的动力差异有助于理解大气运动向定常态收敛和产生振荡的物理原因。这将在第Ⅱ部份深入讨论。     

大气的内外强迫源和西风指数的变化

通过波流相互作用和无加速定理的讨论以及相应的数值分析,本文介绍有关纬向平均西风变化的近期研究成果。指出西风指数随时问变化的主动原因是波动和基本气流的相互作用以及外部动量源和热源的强迫作用;其被动原因是内外源所激发的次级环流的影响。还讨论了用简化的动力模型进行西风指数长期预报的可行性问题。     

边界层参数化方案及海气耦合对WRF模拟东亚夏季风的影响

区域气候模式的边界层参数化方案很大程度上影响着陆地-海洋-大气间水汽、动量及热量的交换,该方案的不确定性会给模式结果带来明显误差.本文基于WRF区域气候模式中四种常用的边界层参数化方案(YSU,ACM2,BouLac和MYJ)分别对东亚夏季风进行模拟研究,分析了不同的边界层方案对东亚夏季风环流及降水模拟的影响.结果表明,局地湍流动能方案BouLac和MYJ对东亚夏季风的模拟结果相对于非局地闭合方案YSU和ACM2更接近于观测,前者能更好的模拟出中国东部中低空西南风气流和西太平洋副热带高压.对于东亚夏季风降水,无论是空间分布还是季节内演变,BouLac和MYJ方案都要明显优于YSU和ACM2.此外,通过对比YSU和BouLac两种方案的模拟结果,发现边界层方案对东亚夏季风的模拟在海洋区域的影响更为显著.造成不同方案模拟差异的主要原因是非局地方案YSU和ACM2的边界层垂直混合偏强,使得海表向上输送的潜热通量明显偏强,对流更活跃,导致降水偏多以及相应季风环流的异常偏差.进一步研究指出缺少海气反馈过程使得WRF模式由边界层方案引起的模拟误差在海洋区域更为突出,引入海气耦合可以减小海表热通量误差并明显改善东亚夏季风的模拟结果.     

1982-1983年冬季厄尔尼诺期间大气环流异常的诊断分析

本文利用ECMWF的逐日资料,对比分析了1982年12月和1980年12月的平均大气环流情况,结论是:1982—1983年El Nino事件对全球大气环流有重大影响。(1)El Nino事件不仅使Hadley环流得到加强,而且使所有经圈环流都有所加强;(2)El Nino事件使两个半球(特别是北半球)的中纬度西风加强,使对流层低层及中纬度200hPa附近的温度升高,中纬度的对流层低层有弱的降温;(3)El Nino事件使大气湿度明显增加,但在北半球副热带地区除近地面层外湿度都明显减小。 同大气环流基本状态的异常相应,El Nino事件也导致了大气中动量、热量和水汽输送的明显异常。这些物理量输送的异常不仅同平均环流的异常有关,而且扰动(特别是行星尺度的扰动)对此也有着重要贡献。      

青藏高原加热与亚洲环流季节变化和夏季风爆发

利用逐日NCEP/NCAR再分析资料分析了春夏过渡季节青减高原非绝热加热和大气环流季节变化以及亚洲季风爆发的关系.结果表明,过渡季节的早期(5月中旬以前)青藏高原总非绝热加热与感热加热的时间演变曲线趋势一致,感热加热在过渡季节早期的环流演变中有很重要的作用.青藏高原非绝热加热的时间演变与北半球环流的季节变化和亚洲夏季风爆发有很好的相关.在过渡季节里,青藏高原非绝热加热的变化引起了海-陆热力差异对比的变化,给亚洲夏季风的爆发建立了有利的背景环境,对亚洲夏季风爆发有明显的影响.结果还表明,用各区域纬向风垂直差异的时空分布能更准确地表示季节变化的区域差异.     

1979—2014年全球变暖背景下青藏高原气候变化特征

近几十年来全球变暖受到越来越广泛的关注,然而全球变暖从1998年开始趋缓,但青藏高原却呈现加速增暖的趋势。本文基于前人研究,系统回顾了青藏高原气温、积雪、降水和大气热源等四方面在全球变暖背景下的变化,指出高原的加速增温导致了积雪迅速融化,降水明显增多的同时,高原热源却呈现减弱趋势。