POV-ray应用于冠层可视光照和阴影组分比例变化分析

利用POV-ray快速计算三维冠层的四分量比例及孔隙率,在与计算机模拟模型对比结果、验证其可靠性的基础上,针对植被真实结构模型的主要参数对冠层四分量比例和孔隙率的敏感性进行分析。敏感性分析结果表明:当冠层为垄行结构时,相对于其他因素,行结构对四分量比例和孔隙率的影响占主导,因此当植被冠层为垄行结构时,四分量比例和孔隙率的变化较连续冠层更加复杂;集聚指数可以有效的控制叶片的空间分布模式,进而影响到视场中植被与土壤的相对面积比例,对于四分量比例和孔隙率结果有较大影响;叶倾角分布类型对四分量比例和孔隙率结果的各向异性特征影响明显;同时,通过对垄行作物3个典型生长期的四分量比例和孔隙率结果分析得出,在作物生长初期土壤对结果影响更大,在作物生长后期植被对结果的影响占主导,亮叶分量比例各向异性特征较为明显。研究表明,POV-ray是进行植被定量遥感研究的有利工具,具有较好的应用前景。     

膜下滴灌条件下不同灌溉量对番茄根系分布和产量的影响

采用分层挖掘法,对膜下滴灌5 426 m³·hm^-2（W1)、4 419 m³·hm^-2（W2）、3 700 m3·hm^-2（W3）3个灌溉量下番茄根系分布特征和产量进行了研究。结果表明：随灌水量的减少,番茄根系表现出向深层发展的趋势,符合“水大根小”的特征,根长、根表面积、根长密度随着土壤深度的增加均呈“单峰型”曲线：即灌水量愈少,根长、根表面积、根长密度的峰值愈位于土壤的深层;番茄根冠比也随着灌水量的减少而呈增大的趋势,W2处理、W3处理分别比W1处理提高了26.53%和70.71%;适度的控制灌溉水量可以促进根系的生长发育,扩大水分吸收空间,有利于番茄增产,4 419 m³·hm^-2灌溉量是膜下滴灌最适宜灌溉水量。     

昆仑山口西8.1级地震前地震活动性异常特征

利用地震活动图像演化动态跟踪、地震活动参数时间扫描及震群判定等目前较为成熟的地震预测方法,研究了2001年昆仑山口西8.1级地震前地震活动性异常.结果显示8.1级地震前地震活动性异常有序性明显,地震空区、地震条带、震群活动异常突出,且呈现配套特征.研究认为地震空区图像演化对揭示特大地震的孕育场有所帮助;大范围前兆震群活动是特大地震前多点应力积累、释放的前兆反应;结合地震活动参数扫描异常综合分析,特大地震前可能做出一定的中期-短期预测.     

Topographic differentiation simulation of crop yield and soil and water loss on the Loess Plateau

De-farming slope farmland has been an effective measure in recent years for the improvement of the eco-environment and the mitigation of soil and water loss on the Loess Plateau. This paper, taking the Yangou Basin as a case study and using day-by-day meteorological data of Yan’an station in 2005, simulated and analyzed the quantitative relation between crop yield, soil and water loss and topographic condition with the aid of WIN-YIELD software. Results show that: 1) topographic gradient has important influence on crop yield. The bigger gradient is, the lower the crop yield. Yields of sorghum and corn decrease by 15.44% and 14.32% respectively at 25° in comparison to the case of 0°. In addition, yields of soya, bean and potato decrease slightly by 5.26%, 4.67% and 3.84%, respectively. The influences of topographic height and slope aspect on crop yield are slight. 2) Under the same topographic condition, different crops’ runoff and soil loss show obvious disparity. Topographic gradient has important influence on soil and water loss. In general, the changing trend is that the soil and water loss aggregates with the increase of gradient, and the maximal amount occurs around 20°. The influence of topographic height is slight. Topographic aspect has a certain effect, and the fundamental characteristic is that values are higher at the aspect of south than north. 3) Topographic gradients of 5° and 15° are two important thresholds. The characteristic about soil and water loss with the variation of topographic gradients show that: the slope farmland with gradient less than 5° could remain unchanged, and the slope farmland more than 15° should be de-farmed as early as possible.     

昆仑山口西8.1级地震异常综合特点及孕育过程初步探讨

昆仑山口西8.1级地震前,青藏块体出现了有序的地震图像演变过程:地震空区时间跨度数年至数十年,空间跨度数百至上千km;地震条带时间跨度数年,空间跨度数千km。1990年以后,青海、甘肃、四川、新疆、宁夏诸省的前兆观测台网记录到一批典型的远场前兆异常,这些趋势性异常变化与孕震空区、地震条带形成时段大致相当;空间上主要分布在祁连山构造带、东昆仑构造带、西秦岭构造带、南北构造带及天山构造带。远场前兆异常与空区图像的时空演变有较好的互补性和关联性,文中讨论了两者演化的有序性和阶段性与昆仑山口西8.1级地震孕育的时空过程     

供水管井设计出水量的确定

论述了管井出水能力的概念及确定管井出水量的理论依据。科学合理的出水量设计和避免过量抽水,是确保管井良好运行、延长管井使用寿命的关键。并以孟加拉国Barapukuria电厂水源地为例,对管井出水量的设计方法进行了详细说明。      

设施番茄产量和品质对不同浓度CO2的响应

为了明确设施番茄对CO₂的生理响应及需求规律,以“美红2号”为试验材料,测定增施600、900、1 200 mg/kg的CO₂后,番茄的开花量、单株果数、果重、含糖量、含酸量及维生素C含量。结果表明：增施CO₂可以提高番茄花量25%～50%,提高单株结果数量,增产28.29%～51.04%,但对平均果重没有影响。与对照相比,增施CO₂20 d后,600、900、1 200 mg/kg处理的果实含糖量分别为5.27、5.49、5.65 g/kg,明显高于对照4.71 g/kg的含糖量;含酸量分别为2.48、2.23、2.02 g/kg,显著低于对照区3.03 g/kg的含酸量;维生素C含量分别为356.38、420.38、348.38 mg/kg,显著高于对照区260.88 mg/kg的含量,其中900 mg/kg处理对维生素C的提升效果最好。在温室中增施CO₂不但能提高番茄产量,还能有效改善番茄品质,适宜的剂量以900 mg/kg为宜。     

RUNOFF GENERATION AND SOIL EROSION IN SMALL AGRICULTURAL CATCHMENTS WITH LOESS-DERIVED SOILS

Over a two-year period, rainfall, runoff and sediment output were measured in six small agricultural catchments (3–10 ha) in south Limburg (The Netherlands). These measurements were needed for validation of an erosion model for South Limburg (LISEM). In this paper, results of the measurements are presented and processes that determine surface runoff and sediment yield during winter and summer rainfall are identified. Before the start of the measurement programme, surface slaking and crust formation on the erodible loess soils were thought to be the main cause of overland flow and soil erosion in South Limburg. This was the starting point for soil conservation measures in the area. The measurement results discussed in this paper show that in some catchments much runoff occurred in winter and that soil moisture storage capacity may be just as important for runoff generation as infiltration capacity. Therefore, when modelling soil erosion and optimizing erosion control measures for South Limburg, runoff generation through Hortonian as well as through saturation overland flow must be considered.     

分布式侵蚀产沙模型研究进展

随着计算机技术与地理信息系统(GIS) 技术的发展, 分布式侵蚀产沙模型成为当今土壤侵 蚀领域研究重点与发展方向。本文在分析国内外几个主要的分布式侵蚀产沙模型基础上, 探讨了 分布式侵蚀产沙模型的技术路线与技术实现, 最后指出目前我国分布式侵蚀产沙模型研究存在 的主要问题: ( 1) 分布式水文模型的深入研究为分布式侵蚀产沙模型提供了不少借鉴, 但如何在 分布式水文模型的基础上开发侵蚀模块还存在一些问题; ( 2) 目前国内分布式土壤侵蚀模型大都 基于黄土高原而得出, 模型有一定的局限性; ( 3) 当前的大多侵蚀产沙的关系式( 尤其是坡面侵蚀 关系式) 是经验型的, 汇沙的过程考虑得过于简单, 没有深入探讨水文与土壤侵蚀之间的关系; ( 4) 目前大多数分布式土壤侵蚀模型没有考虑次暴雨产流的时间变化与空间变化。     

层结稳定性“豁口”与北太平洋副热带中部模态水形成机制

本文首先指出北太平洋副热带中部模态水（简称中部模态水）的形成具有显著的“局地”特征,其形成海区在（165°E～160°W,38°N～42°N）区间. 海气通量分析表明单纯的外部大气强迫场（太阳短波辐射、净热通量和风应力旋度）不能解释中部模态水形成海区的“局地”性;进一步对上层海洋层结季节变化特征的分析发现秋季（9～10月）在北太平洋中部上层海洋（<75 m）（165°E～160°W,38°N～42°N）区间存在特殊的浮力频率低值区——层结稳定性“豁口”. 该层结稳定性“豁口”作为“预条件（Precondition Mechanism）”机制对中部模态水形成的“局地”特征给出了合理的解释. 在上述研究的基础上,基于一个上层海洋混合层热平衡方程,通过诊断分析揭示该层结稳定性“豁口”是由海表热力强迫、垂向挟卷、Ekman平流和地转平流效应共同导致的,“豁口”东、西边界的确定直接或间接地取决于海表热力强迫、Ekman冷平流和地转暖平流的纬向分布差异.