Immigration and community development in New York City

Community development corporations play a central role in the provision of affordable housing and social services in the contemporary American welfare state. This organizational form, however, emerged in the distinctive, historical political-economic context of the Black Power Movement and America's Great Society. American cities are now very different places, transformed by immigration from spaces of Black–White separation to much more heterogeneous and diverse spaces. In this article, our central question is whether, and how, these vital service organizations are incorporating immigrants into their work. We find that the answer varies, and such variations indicate differential access, or “differential citizenship”—in the urban structure of the contemporary American welfare state.     

The Trophic Contributions of Rotifers in Tidal Freshwater and Estuarine Habitats

Distribution patterns and trophic contributions of rotifers from freshwater through polyhaline estuarine waters were examined in the southern Chesapeake Bay and its major tributaries for a two-year period. Trichocerca marina and Synchaeta spp. were the major taxa in abundance, followed by Polyarthra vulgaris, Keratella cochlearis and Brachionus spp. There was a significant negative correlation between salinity and rotifer density, biomass, and number of species. Rotifers were a component of the microzooplankton biomass during specific periods and at particular sites, dominating summer assemblages in tidal freshwater and river–estuary transition sites, plus the winter communities in estuarine waters. This observation indicates that rotifers may play an important trophic role by seasonally replacing metazoan nauplii as a biomass source in both tidal freshwater and estuarine ecosystems. The annual contribution of rotifers to the total microzooplankton biomass exclusive of heterotrophic dinoflagellates was brief but intensive, achieving over 50% of annual biomass during a 2–3 month period. Despite the small annual mean contribution of rotifers to the total microzooplankton biomass, rotifers may have a limited, but significant impact on the trophic dynamics of the zooplankton community in Chesapeake Bay and its major tidal tributaries.     

Reviving Ancient Water Tunnels in the Desert-Digging for Gold？

The water shortage in the Middle East is a well-known problem. The introduction of diesel operated pumps for irrigation has caused a severe drop in groundwater levels. At the same time the demand for groundwater is growing to alarming proportions. Alternative ways of groundwater supply and management need to be found to halt social and economical disaster in the future. Why not look at history？ Qanats are subterranean tunnels ancient civilizations built to access groundwater. The technique is a sustainable method of groundwater extraction. Throughout the Middle East some settlements still make use of these ancient systems. In the summer of 2000, a community rehabilitation of a qanat was executed International Center for Areas （ICARDA） and with support from the Agricultural Research in Dry international donors. The renovation served as a pilot community intervention within a participatory action research project aimed at evaluating the use of qanats in Syria. In a second stage of the project, the pilot was scaled up to a nation-wide survey of Syrian qanats in 2001. This resulted in qanat renovations on other sites executed in 2oo2 and 2oo3 with further international support. This paper compares the first pilot renovation with a recent qanat renovation that took place in Qarah, Syria.     

潮汕海岸带河-海交互区沉积环境及小型底栖动物群落结构研究

河口三角洲是人类活动最为剧烈的区域, 陆海作用复杂, 生态环境脆弱。2021年6月以潮汕韩江三角洲河口群为研究区, 开展了河-海交互区沉积环境和小型底栖动物群落综合研究。结果表明, 研究区沉积物以黏土质粉砂为主, 中值粒径为6.66~1 301.34 μm; 盐度为15.91~35.11, 具有典型的河-海交互区特征; 有机碳(TOC)、叶绿素a (chl a)、脱镁叶绿酸含量(Phaeo)均呈现由陆向海减少趋势。重金属Cu和Zn、Phaeo、透明度和砂含量是造成沉积环境差异的主要因素。共鉴定出13个小型底栖动物主要类群, 其中自由生活海洋线虫在丰度和生物量上均为最优势类群(90%和38%), 桡足类和多毛类居次。小型底栖动物的平均丰度和生物量(干重)分别为(295±195) inds./10 cm²和(277.8±202.8) μg/10 cm²,整体上从陆向海呈增加趋势, 在不同河口断面间差异显著。盐度和河口也是控制小型底栖动物群落空间分布的主要因素, 真盐区(盐度>30)的群落相似性较高。小型底栖动物丰度、生物量和物种数与Phaeo和重金属(Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd)呈负相关关系; 解释小型底栖动物群落结构差异的最佳环境组合是盐度和重金属Cd含量。基于重金属、有机污染指数及海洋线虫与桡足类比值三种环境评价方法, 其结果均显示污染较严重的区域位于河口入海口门处。研究结果可为海岸带资源保护、生态监测以及基于生态系统实施综合管理提供基础数据支撑。     

漂白粉消毒后对虾养殖源水细菌群落的响应特征研究

漂白粉消毒是凡纳滨对虾养殖源水常见的管控措施, 可有效控制病原菌传播; 然而,消毒会强烈扰动水体微生物群落,但源水细菌群落对漂白粉消毒的响应特征尚未阐明。在室内条件下, 设置高浓度(60 mg/L)和低浓度(20 mg/L)漂白粉消毒源水, 通过高通量测序及荧光定量PCR技术探究消毒后源水细菌群落、病原菌及抗生素抗性基因(ARGs)的动态响应规律。结果显示, 消毒后, 拟杆菌门(Bacteroidota)丰度上升, 高浓度组变形菌门(Proteobacteria)的丰度显著降低; 至第3天, 两组源水的细菌群落组成趋于一致。此外, 漂白粉消毒显著改变了源水的细菌群落结构及共现网络的复杂性。在控制水体病原菌方面, 消毒后病原菌的总丰度降低, 但种类增加, 高浓度漂白粉消毒对病原菌的抑制作用更加显著。漂白粉消毒对ARGs的去除具有选择性, 仅对sul1、floR、cfr、tetQ有一定的去除作用, 且高、低浓度对ARGs的去除无差异。综上, 60 mg/L可以作为漂白粉消毒养殖源水的更好浓度选择。研究结果从微生物生态视角评价了不同浓度漂白粉的消毒作用, 可为对虾养殖生产中的源水管控提供理论支撑。     

Temporal and spatial distributions of dominant shrimp stocks and their relationship with the hydrological environment in the East China Sea

To provide a scientific and technological base for fishery administration, holding a moratorium on fishing, and combating habitat degradation, a shrimp stock survey was carried out in May, August, and November 1998 and in February 1999. The study was conducted in the area between 26o00′ N and 33o00′ N and to the west of 127o00′ E in the East China Sea using a multi-sac trawl-net, with 115 stations being sampled. Up to 2001, we had found 121 species, which belong to 63 genera under 22 families, and 41 species are of high economic value and in great abundance. Nine shrimp species were of great economic importance, whose stock accounted for 76.8% of the demersal total. They were Parapenaeus fissuroides, Metapenaeopsis philippi, Palaemon gravieri, Metapenaeopsis barbata, Solenocera koelbeli, Solenocera crassicornis, Trachypenaeus curvirostris, Solenocera melantho and Parapenaeopsis hardwickii (listed in stock order). The nine species belong to the eurythermal and eurysaline community and high thermal and high saline community, had different migration patterns and stocks, and their distribution patterns could be generally classified into three types:(1) dominating in the north or the south;(2) dominating to the north of and in the coast to the south of 30o00′ N;and (3) dominating to the east of 60 m isobath, which were related to six water masses in the ECS near two lines, i.e., the 60 m isobath and 30o00′N latitudinal lines. Densely habited shrimps were found in all four seasons due to temperature and salinity frontiers and upwelling. The general stock density index was relatively higher in spring, summer, and autumn, when it surpassed 10 kg/h, while in winter, it was only 6.8 kg/h which might be caused by overfishing. According to the spawning areas of the nine species and their distribution patterns, to attain sustainable development of the shrimp fishery in the ECS, it is imperative to protect fishing areas and to hold a moratorium on catching to the west of 60 m isobath from April through October, and between 60 m and 100 m isobaths and to the south of 30oN from June through August and to limit fishing in winter.     

Analysis of Microbial Molecular Ecology Techniques in Constructed Rapid Infiltration System

The microbial molecular ecology techniques,which were developed on the basis of molecular,were applied in studying the bacteria in Constructed Rapid Infiltration(CRI) system.These techniques are very efficient in better describing the bacterial diversity,microbial community distribution,and relations between microbial group structure and nitrogen contamination through the analysis of microbial nucleic acid sequence fragment in CRI.The results further revealed the removal mechanism of contamination,which is ...     

祁连山冻土区天然气水合物DK一2钻孔微生物群落

对青海省祁连山永久冻土区天然气水合物DK一2钻孔的11件样品进行分析,通过微生物群落分析来探寻水合物层样品与非水合物层样品的差别。在11件样品中均发现了细菌16SrDNA,未检测到海洋天然气水合物地区常见的古菌16SrDNA、mc以（I,Ⅱ）、pmoA、mmoX和mxaF。分析得到的细菌16SrDNA分属5个门,包括变形杆菌门、放线菌门、拟杆菌门、厚壁菌门和异常球菌一栖热菌门,随着样品深度的增加,细菌多样性有降低的趋势。对非水合物层样品DK2—19和水合物层样品DK2—25进行细菌系统发育树分析,发现这2个样品群落结构相差较大。水合物层样品与非水合物层样品细菌群落对比后发现,水合物层样品中叫一变形杆菌的比例低于非水合物层样品中1一变形杆菌的比例,而Arthrobacter属多发现于非水合物层的样品中。     

Biogeochemistry and carbon mass balance of a coccolithophore bloom in the northern Bay of Biscay (June 2006)

Primary production (PP), calcification (CAL), bacterial production (BP) and dark community respiration (DCR) were measured along with a set of various biogeochemical variables, in early June 2006, at several stations at the shelf break of the northern Bay of Biscay. The cruise was carried out after the main spring diatom bloom that, based on the analysis of a time-series of remotely sensed chlorophyll-a (Chl-a), peaked in mid-April. Remotely sensed sea surface temperature (SST) indicated the occurrence of enhanced vertical mixing (due to internal tides) at the continental slope, while adjacent waters on the continental shelf were stratified, as confirmed by vertical profiles of temperature acquired during the cruise. The surface layer of the stratified water masses (on the continental shelf) was depleted of inorganic nutrients. Dissolved silicate (DSi) levels probably did not allow significant diatom development. We hypothesize that mixing at the continental slope allowed the injection of inorganic nutrients that triggered the blooming of mixed phytoplanktonic communities dominated by coccolithophores (Emiliania huxleyi) that were favoured with regards to diatoms due to the low DSi levels. Based on this conceptual frame, we used an indicator of vertical stratification to classify the different sampled stations, and to reconstruct the possible evolution of the bloom from the onset at the continental slope (triggered by vertical mixing) through its development as the water mass was advected on-shelf and stratified. We also established a carbon mass balance at each station by integrating in the photic layer PP, CAL and DCR. This allowed computation at each station of the contribution of PP, CAL and DCR to CO₂ fluxes in the photic layer, and how they changed from one station to another along the sequence of bloom development (as traced by the stratification indicator). This also showed a shift from net autotrophy to net heterotrophy as the water mass aged (stratified), and suggested the importance of extracellular production of carbon to sustain the bacterial demand in the photic and aphotic layers.     

2009 年冬季南海北部网采浮游植物群落结构

根据2010年1月6～30日对南海北部的调查取样,作者对该海域网采浮游植物的分布和群落结构特征等进行了分析。共鉴定浮游植物4门52属155种（包括变形及变种）,主要以温带近岸和广布性种为主,其中硅藻有38属94种,占总种数的60．6％;甲藻有12属58种,占总种数的37．4％;浮游植物平均细胞丰度为36．46×10^4个／m^3,硅藻平均细胞丰度为13．77×10^4个／m^3,甲藻平均细胞丰度为1．39×10^4个／m^3,铁氏束毛藻（Trichodesmium thiebautii）平均细胞丰度为21．30×10^4个／m^3。粤东近岸区域是浮游植物高密集区,珠江口及其西南沿岸其次,而浮游植物稀疏区主要在调查区的中部海域,呈现出沿远岸区域逐渐降低的平面分布格局。除铁氏束毛藻为绝对优势种外,主要优势种有：菱形海线藻（Thalassionema nitzschioides）、短刺角毛藻（Chaetoceros messanensis）、圆筛藻（Coscinodiscus spp．）、粗根管藻（Rhizosolenia robusta）及角毛藻（Chaetoceros spp．）等。浮游植物群落香农．威纳物种多样性指数（H’）平均值为4．50,Peilou均匀度指数（J）平均值为0．81。浮游植物多样性程度较高,与细胞丰度平面分布基本呈相嵌分布,仅在近岸出现低值。