农民工回流创业区位研究——以河南省14个村为例

农民工回流创业正在成为乡村振兴的重要力量,而创业区位选择反映了创业者的空间决策能力,并对创业绩效产生影响。基于河南省14个村田野入户调查数据,采用统计分析和多值logistic分析方法,对农民工回流创业区位特征和影响因素进行了研究。研究发现：① 回流农民工创业区位具有以村庄为中心的近距离分布特征,绝大多数创业者分布于以村庄为中心50 km范围内,约一半的回流者在家门口创业,在时间距离上,主要集中于0.5 h工作圈和1 h工作圈内。② 创业区位主要选择于本村和县城,其次为镇及附近的中心城市。③ 创业企业除了少数较大规模外,大多为小微企业和个体经营,创业企业产值与距离正相关。除村庄区位农业项目较多外,其余各类创业区位之间行业差别并不明显。④ 创业区位选择是以取得经济利润为前提,综合考虑个人因素、务工因素、社区因素和创业因素的结果。其中,学历、村回流比、第二产业创业项目类型对于选择非村落区位具有正向影响,而工龄、务工地数、无务工技能、村庄为平原和丘陵、第一产业创业项目类型则具有负向影响。     

社区尺度的北京儿童服务设施可达性分析

儿童服务设施是建设儿童友好性城市的重要内容。基于北京城区社区人口数据及儿童服务设施数据,通过两步移动搜寻法,以社区为单元分析儿童服务设施可达性的空间格局及分布模式。结果显示,不同类别儿童服务设施空间可达性服务水平差异较大,在1000米阈值范围内小学的空间可达性水平优于幼儿园,3000米阈值范围内儿童诊所的空间可达性优于公园。受儿童人口和儿童服务设施分布的影响,小学、幼儿园、儿科门诊的可达性均呈现“中心高、边缘低”的分布格局,空间分布不均衡;公园分布则相对分散,其可达性呈现边缘区域优于中心区域分布特征。北京城区儿童服务设施可达性情况可分为五种类型区,类型区之间以同心圆的结构进行组合,局部体现出扇形的特征。据此提出针对不同区域儿童服务设施的改善策略。     

雅鲁藏布江中上游沙生植物群落结构及多样性分布格局

雅鲁藏布江流域作为西藏重要的人口聚居区,其植物群落结构及多样性格局吸引着众多学者的关注。本文沿雅鲁藏布江中上游流域河岸两侧原生生境设置44个样地,共计220个样方,计算植物的重要值并进行群落分类。结合1985–2015年多年平均降水量和多年平均气温数据以及样地的坡位、坡度等生境数据,采用偏冗余分析(偏RDA)的方法探讨雅鲁藏布江中上游地区植物多样性分布格局及其环境影响因素,根据样地的生物多样性指数预测雅鲁藏布江中上游地区植物多样性分布格局。结果表明:研究区植被群落按重要值划分为垫型蒿—紫花针茅群落、藏沙蒿—羊茅群落、金露梅—固沙草群落、三角草—冷蒿群落、高山嵩草群落、砂生槐—臭蒿群落、砂生槐—白草群落等7个群落;生物多样性随着经度降低、纬度升高和海拔增加而减少;雅鲁藏布江中上游植物多样性分布格局具有明显的地带性特征,水分和热量对植物多样性分布格局的解释率分别为19.3%和5.7%,而二者共同解释了60.8%的空间变异,耦合效应明显;雅鲁藏布江中上游地区植物多样性呈现由西北向东南逐渐升高的分布格局。     

Secondary school student perspectives on community resilience in Grey District

For a national competition supported by the New Zealand Board of Geography Teachers, secondary school students in years 10–13 were asked to identify and investigate factors that were building community resilience in their home areas, and the entries provided young people's perspectives on how well individuals, families and communities ‘bounce back’, adapt, change and become stronger following an adverse event. This article concerns the findings of students at Greymouth High School. Their entries showed that community resilience in Grey District depended on individual and collective capacity for action. The greater their involvement in community affairs and projects, the more likely individuals and families were to form networks and participate in communal activities. In Greymouth, as elsewhere in New Zealand, membership of voluntary organisations and participation in planning for, and responding to, catastrophic events has helped residents respond effectively in times of adversity and has enhanced community resilience.     

Understanding Ethnic Residential Cluster Formation: new perspectives from South Australia’s migrant hostels

ABSTRACT

Throughout Australia’s history, successive governments have lamented the clustering of non-English-speaking migrants in ‘ethnic enclaves’ or ‘ghettos’. From the early Chinatowns of the 1800s till today, urban concentrations of ethnic groups have raised concerns and fears in local populations and authorities alike, despite decades of international research which suggests that ethnic residential clusters actually aid long-term assimilation and adjustment. Many of the ethnic residential clusters in contemporary Australia have been claimed to be a direct consequence of the migrant hostels and reception centres which operated between 1948 and the 1990s. This paper traces migrant settlement patterns in South Australia in rich detail, revealing the complexities of lived experiences that shape migrant settlement decisions. Against the background of public and scholarly debates over ‘ethnic enclaves’, and drawing on quantitative and qualitative historical research on the lived experiences of former hostel migrants, it analyses how migrant hostels and reception centres contributed to the settlement experiences of diverse migrants. We conclude that migrant hostels were just one among various factors that led to the growth and maintenance of ethnic residential clusters.     

民族村寨旅游地居民满意度影响机理模型与实证——以社区、政府和企业力量导向模式的比较研究

突破以往研究旅游地居民“感知—态度—行为”的传统思路,直接从关系、付出、回报、期望和公正知觉等满意度发生逻辑的核心要素角度并结合深度访谈内容,运用语义网络分析和结构方程构建形成过程的内在机理视角下民族村寨旅游地居民满意度影响因素概念模型和结构模型,通过多（跨）样本可靠性和区别有效性检验,并以贵州上郎德苗寨、西江苗寨和天龙屯堡为不同力量导向模式进行实证分析。结果表明：① “社区认知—发展期望—社区参与—增（去）权感知—满意态度—支持行为”是民族村寨旅游地居民满意度的发生逻辑路径,之间的作用动力主要有“认知驱动”、“获益驱动”、“行为驱动”和“中介感知”。② 居民地方依恋、居民民族认同、居民发展期望、居民社区参与对社区、政府和企业核心力量导向模式的居民满意度产生直接或未直接影响效应;社区核心力量的居民社区增权感知对4个影响因素产生部分中介影响效应,而居民社区去权感知未对其产生中介影响效应;政府和企业核心力量均不同程度地受居民社区增权感知与居民社区去权感知的中介效应影响,其中前者的去权感知影响效应稍强于增权感知效应,后者则反之。③ 根据概念模型的逻辑路径,结合影响因素的关联效应及其程度性二维因素差异,综合分析社区、政府和企业核心力量导向模式的民族村寨旅游地居民满意度影响机理存在差异。     

基于土地利用/覆被变化表征的现代绿洲演变过程——以天山北坡三工河流域为例

本文以天山北坡三工河流域为例,利用1958年、1968年和1978年3期航片、1987年彩红外航片、1998年Landsat TM、2004年SPOT 5和2014年Landsat OLI影像,构建绿洲及其外围荒漠7期土地利用/土地覆被数据集,综合分析1950s屯垦戍边以来现代绿洲演变和外围荒漠植物群落变化。结果表明：①1950年以来,屯垦戍边使位于三工河冲洪积扇中下部的老绿洲不断向冲积平原扩张,老绿洲外围以柽柳和梭梭为建群种的土质荒漠景观不断转变为新绿洲,绿洲面积增加了4倍多。其中1958-1968年和2000s以来是绿洲变化最为显著的两个阶段,这两个阶段分别对应了农业用地和建设用地增幅最大的时期。② 三工河流域的现代绿洲演变过程中存在“地方管辖区”和“兵团农场区”两种基本管理模式,也正是这两种模式相互渗透、相互交叉融合,共同推动了现代绿洲演变。③三工河流域1950s-2004年现代绿洲演变具有干旱区绿洲演变的普遍特征,但2004年以后的演变仅适用于有较大规模跨流域调水或新增水源的绿洲演变情形。现代绿洲的扩张以荒漠植被的砍伐和破坏为代价,导致绿洲外围植物群落结构发生了显著的变化,这使得绿洲外围荒漠生态系统的保护愈加困难     

Dechlorination of perchloroethylene using zero-valent metal and microbial community

This research evaluates an integrated technique for the degradation of perchloroethylene (PCE) using a combination of zero-valent metal and an anaerobic microbial community. The microbial community was obtained from river sediment through a series of cultivation and enrichment processes, and was able to successfully convert PCE to ethylene. The degradation tests were carried out in five groups of reactors, i.e. Zn (zero-valent zinc), Fe (zero-valent iron), MB (a microbial community), ZnMB (zinc and a microbial community) and FeMB (iron and a microbial community). The results suggested that the FeMB system had the highest efficiency in removing PCE (about 99.9% after 24 days), followed by Zn (98.5%), ZnMB (84.8%), Fe (76.9%) and MB (49.6%). The degradation kinetics of PCE could be described by a pseudo-first-order reaction; the apparent reaction rate constants were 0.231, 0.187, 0.135, 0.076, 0.031 days⁻¹ for the Zn, FeMB, ZnMB, Fe, and MB systems, respectively. Much more Cl⁻ was detected as a by-product in the degradation tests using FeMB or ZnMB than using Fe or Zn. The results implied that not only PCE, but also the reaction intermediates, e.g., trichloroethylene (TCE) and dichloroethylenes (DCE isomers) may have been dechlorinated in the FeMB and ZnMB systems. Results suggest that the presence of the microbial community in the FeMB and ZnMB systems may not only affect the removal efficiency of PCE, but can also change the reaction pathways in the dechlorination process. The integrated technique combining the iron and the microbial community showed better degradation efficiency than the others; it may be viewed as an environmentally desirable remediation.     

关于社区详图编制与设计的探讨

地图是人们生活中不可或缺的一种工具,是国防建设的重要支持。专题图作为地图的一个大类,是以集中表现某种主题内容的地图。如今,根据不同的需要,专题图表现形式繁多。社区详图作为以社区为地图表现范围,以与社区相关信息为主题的专题图首次出现在杭州。本文从地图的分类出发,通过杭州市社区详图的编制等情况,进一步与大家共同探讨社区详图的编制与设计,以及社区详图在日常的生活中所发挥的作用及领域。     

现代性下节庆对社区重构的影响

随着20世纪后半期以来,节庆以史无前例的规模复兴,在现代性的语境下,节庆与社区存续、复兴或衰亡的各种关系,成为文化地理关注的主题。文章从传统社区的延续与现代认同的重构、移民社区的再造与多元认同的杂糅、社区活力的再生与地方品牌的营销、社区秩序的重塑与地方权力的协商4个方面,对节庆与社区重构的关系进行分析。结论认为：节庆与社区重构之间具有紧密的关系,社区并没有被现代性力量所终结,而是以一种更加复杂化的形式存续和发展,或者延续传统的社区秩序,或者吸纳外来和创新要素重构出混杂的社区秩序,或者进行地方营销扩大社区影响;社区节庆则被全球化、市场化等现代性力量不断调整和创新。最后在此基础上进一步展望中国语境下的社区重构研究。