“神舟七号”飞船主着陆场区强对流天气的气候背景和环流条件

利用NCEP再分析资料,对2008年8～9月内蒙主着陆场区强对流天气频发和降水异常偏多现象,研究其形成的气候背景和大尺度环流特征.结果表明:前期赤道西太平洋海表温度异常偏低、欧亚和青藏高原积雪异常偏深是其前期气候背景.极涡中心8月位于东半球和9月位于西半球,是场区前期降水偏多和后期气温偏高的原因之一.欧亚经向环流的偏强,有利于南北方冷暖空气的交汇.副热带高压偏强偏西及活跃的印缅槽为场区提供了充沛的水汽和强对流天气必要的扰动能量.中低层偏南风和偏北风在淮河以北地区汇合与维持,是场区降水异常和强对流偏多的主要原因.     

人工增雪对冬麦冻害的影响

自１９７８年以来，在新疆北部沿天山一带对冬季层状云飞机播撒碘化银、干冰等冷云催化剂进行人工增雪作业，对１８个非播云年和１７个播云年的冬麦冻害做了对比，在播云期内冬小麦年平均冻害面积减少８０％以上。对３个主要因素（麦种改良、冬季气温升高和人工增雪）进行了分析，结果表明，人工播云是一个主要的因素。     

Analysis of snowpack dynamics during the spring melt season for a sub‐alpine site using point measurements and numerical modeling

Snowpack dynamics through October 2014–June 2017 were described for a forested, sub‐alpine field site in southeastern Wyoming. Point measurements of wetness and density were combined with numerical modeling and continuous time series of snow depth, snow temperature, and snowpack outflow to identify 5 major classes of distinct snowpack conditions. Class (i) is characterized by no snowpack outflow and variable average snowpack temperature and density. Class (ii) is characterized by short durations of liquid water in the upper snowpack, snowpack outflow values of 0.0008–0.005 cm hr^?1, an increase in snowpack temperature, and average snow density between 0.25–0.35 g cm^?3. Class (iii) is characterized by a partially saturated wetness profile, snowpack outflow values of 0.005–0.25 cm hr^?1, snowpack temperature near 0 °C, and average snow density between 0.25–0.40 g cm^?3. Class (iv) is characterized by strong diurnal snowpack outflow pattern with values as high as 0.75 cm hr^?1, stable snowpack temperature near 0 °C, and stable average snow density between 0.35–0.45 g cm^?3. Class (v) occurs intermittently between Classes (ii)–(iv) and displays low snowpack outflow values between 0.0008–0.04 cm hr^?1, a slight decrease in temperature relative to the preceding class, and similar densities to the preceding class. Numerical modeling of snowpack properties with SNOWPACK using both the Storage Threshold scheme and Richards' equation was used to quantify the effect of snowpack capillarity on predictions of snowpack outflow and other snowpack properties. Results indicate that both simulations are able to predict snow depth, snow temperature, and snow density reasonably well with little difference between the 2 water transport schemes. Richards' equation more accurately simulates the timing of snowpack outflow over the Storage Threshold scheme, especially early in the melt season and at diurnal timescales.     

Seismic Activity Around and Under Krakatau Volcano,Sunda Arc: Constraints to the Source Region of Island Arc Volcanics

There is general agreement that calc-alkaline volcanic rocks at convergent plate margins are genetically related to the process of subduction (Ringwood, 1974; Maaloe and Petersen, 1981; Hawkesworth et al., 1997). However, opinions on the mode and site of generation of primary magma for island arc volcanism differ substantially. The site of generation of calc-alkaline magma is thought to be either in the mantle wedge (Plank and Langmuir, 1988; McCulloch and Gamble, 1991) or in the subducting slab (White and Dupré, 1986; Defant and Drummond, 1990; Edwards et al., 1993; Ryan and Langmuir, 1993). We present seismological evidence in favour of the latter concept. A distinctive seismicity pattern around and under the Krakatau volcano was identified during systematic studies of the SE Asian convergent plate margins by means of global seismological data. A column-like cluster of events, probably associated with the dynamics of the volcano, is clearly separated from the events in the Wadati-Benioff zone. The accuracy of hypocentral determinations of the events of the cluster does not differ from the accuracy of the events belonging to the subducting slab. The depths of the cluster events vary from very shallow to about 100 km without any apparent discontinuity. On the other hand, there is a pronounced aseismic gap in the Wadati-Benioff zone directly beneath the volcano at depths between 100-150 km. The Krakatau cluster connects this aseismic gap to the volcano at the surface. The pervasive occurrence of earthquakes in the continental wedge between the subducting slab and the Earth surface bears witness to the brittle character of the continental lithosphere and casts doubt on the existence of large-scale melting of mantle material. The aseismic gap (Hanu and Vank, 1985), interpreted by us as a partially melted domain occurring in subducted slabs in practically all active subduction zones that reach depths greater than 100 km, is here used as evidence for the location of the primary source region of island arc volcanics in the subducting plate.     

大容量气枪震源子波时频特性及其影响因素

通过分析福建街面水库气枪实验的近场水听器记录,研究气枪子波时频特性及其受沉放深度和工作压力的影响,并结合气泡模型解释气泡振荡过程。数据分析表明：①气枪子波由主脉冲和气泡脉冲组成。主脉冲振幅大,持时短,频带宽,通常应用于浅部探测;气泡脉冲能量集中在低频段,垂直穿透深,水平传播远,通常应用于深部探测。②随沉放深度的增加,主脉冲振幅变化很小,气泡脉冲振幅增加,初泡比减小,气泡周期减小,低频段主频增加。沉放深度为10m时,主脉冲振幅和初泡比最大,可应用于浅部探测;沉放深度为25m时,气泡脉冲振幅很大,初泡比最小,可应用于深部探测。③工作压力增加时,主脉冲振幅、气泡脉冲振幅、初泡比、气泡周期等随之增大,低频段主频则减小。     

基于GPU和UNITY的嵌入式图像实时传输方法

智能化无人矿山对作业现场环境的可视化要求较高,现有的可视化方法仍存在诸多问题:数据采集方式单一,存在监控盲区;数据传输线缆布设困难且易被损坏,传输延时较高;表现形式不够全面立体,并且不能用于VR/AR、SLAM、机器人定位避障等应用场景。为了满足智能矿山建设的可视化需求,本文结合当前传感技术、矿用机器人以及5G技术的发展,探讨了从数据采集、服务器部署到接收显示的详细步骤。针对全景及深度影像这类新型三维数据,提出一种基于GPU和UNITY的嵌入式视频实时传输方法,包括实时编码、异步传输、轻量级的嵌入式流媒体系统、利用UNITY实时处理以及元数据的同步传输。借助UNITY平台,将三维可视化任务从CPU转移至GPU,仿真实验表明,最高渲染帧率为60 fps时,GPU占用率在35%以下。最后,以全景和深度传感器为例进行了测试,对数据编码、位移贴图、纹理纠正进行有效性验证,并从延迟、帧率、CPU占用率3个方面评估性能。结果表明,所提关键技术均可有效提高运行效率、减少资源占用,相比FFplay延时更低。全景影像的可视化代替了视角固定的传统监控,深度数据为智能矿山巡检机器人定位及避障提供实时数据源,传输方法整体向下兼容。不仅解决传统方法视角单一、布线困难的问题,而且考虑到了智能矿山建设过程中的新需求。     

表层雪中稳定同位素季节变化及其与水汽输送的关系——以天山乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川积累区为例

根据2002年9月至2005年12月在天山乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川积累区采集的表层雪样品,揭示了该区表层雪中δ<'18>O值的季节变化特征,讨论了水汽输送对降水中δ<'18>O值变化的影响.研究表明,天山乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川表层雪中δ<'18>O值季节变化显著,变幅可达12.59‰左右,其变化趋势和气温的变化趋势基本一致,...     

扩径率与入岩深度对岩基挖孔基础抗拔承载特性影响的试验研究

扩径率和入岩深度是影响岩基挖孔基础抗拔承载特性的两个重要因素。通过开展8个不同扩径率、不同入岩深度挖孔基础的现场真型上拔静载试验,从荷载位移变化规律、抗拔承载力和地基岩体破坏模式三方面分析了扩径率与入岩深度对基础抗拔承载特性的影响,结果表明扩径率对荷载位移曲线初始线性阶段影响显著。采用图解法分别获得代表基础低、中、高3种承载能力的抗拔承载力QL1、QDLI、QL2,分析表明,随着扩径率与入岩深度的增加,基础抗拔承载力均有不同程度提高,但两种因素对基础承载力影响机制不同,扩径率可明显提高初始弹性阶段的承载力QL1,而入岩深度可明显提高塑性阶段的承载力QDLI和QL2。通过分析地基破坏时地表岩体裂缝的分布特征,得出岩基中上拔岩体的破坏模式与基础结构型式无关,均是从基底开始出现裂缝,沿着一定角度的开口延伸至地面,直至地基发生破坏,并且破坏范围随着入岩深度的增加而减小。综合考虑基础施工安全性、经济性和机械化程度,建议优先选择加深入岩深度的措施来提高基础抗拔承载力。     

黄铁矿热电性在铜矿床深部找矿预测中的应用——以滇中和尚洞铜矿Ⅰ号矿体为例

黄铁矿热电性是矿床学及深部地质找矿的重要研究内容之一,该方法多应用于金矿床的地质勘探,而在铜矿床勘探中应用较少.滇中和尚洞铜矿床属于中高温热液矿床,矿体宏观地质条件差异小,深部找矿难度大,本文对该矿床Ⅰ号矿体开展了黄铁矿热电性特征及深部找矿预测研究.结果表明,该矿床黄铁矿热电系数分布呈现多峰组合,矿体铜矿化强度与黄铁矿...     

内蒙古西辽河平原植被指数时空变化及其影响因素研究

西辽河平原位于我国北方农牧交错带,属半干旱气候,发育科尔沁沙地,生态环境极其脆弱,开展植被指数时空变化及其影响因素研究,对于预测土地退化风险意义重大,可为该流域生态环境保护治理及水资源合理开发利用提供技术支撑。利用2000—2019年MODIS NDVI数据,采用一元线性回归趋势法和Mann-Kendall检验分析了近20年来该地区的植被生长变化趋势及突变情况。从影响植被生长的水热条件出发,分析了NDVI值与气象因素（降水、气温）、土壤湿度、地下水埋深等因子的相关关系;结合人类活动,分析了土地利用类型变化对NDVI值的影响。结果表明：（1）2000—2019年生长季NDVI值整体呈上升趋势,不存在显著突变点,最高值0.56,最低值0.41。（2）NDVI值在空间上呈现“东高西低”的分布特征,不同用地类型的NDVI值由大到小依次为耕地>林地>沼泽地>滩地>草地>盐碱地>沙地。（3）92.5%的区域植被呈增长趋势,7.5%的区域植被呈减少趋势。（4）NDVI值与降水、气温、土壤湿度呈正相关关系,相关系数分别为0.86,0.78,0.81,降水对植被影响最大。（5）最适宜天然植被生长的地下水埋深约为3 m,当地下水埋深大于10 m时,NDVI值会随着埋深的增加剧烈减小。（6）人类活动如土地开垦、植树造林是近20年来NDVI值呈增加趋势的主要原因之一,在一定程度上改善了当地生态环境。