Analysis of the Characteristics of Turbulent Flux and Its Footprint Climatology at An Agricultural Site

Based on quality controlled data from eddy covariance system and automatic weather station collected at Guantao farmland site from 2008 to 2010, the characteristics of diurnal, seasonal and annual variations of turbulent flux were reported. The corresponding source areas of flux measurement at different temporal scales were analyzed in detail, using arithmetic-averaged and flux-weighted footprint climatology calculation method, respectively. The main findings are as follows. Firstly, sensible heat and latent heat flux both show consistent diurnal variation throughout the year, while CO₂ fluxes only have significant diurnal variation in growing season with an opposite trend. The seasonal variation of the turbulent flux is mainly affected by the crop type and its growth status in different phenological periods. During growing season, latent heat flux and CO₂ flux are the dominant flux exchange items whose value are significantly higher in their middle growth stage than other ones during which latent heat and CO₂ flux exchange of the summer corn is stronger than winter wheat. Secondly, with combined effects of wind, turbulence and surface condition, the source area of flux measurement change most significantly at daily scale, less obvious at seasonal scale and smallest at annual scale. Finally, compared with arithmetic-averaged footprint climatology method, flux-weighted footprint climatology is a more reasonable method to calculate the source areas of the flux measurement, in that they account for the time change of the actual turbulent flux. The arithmetic-averaged results are most likely to overestimate the size of source area during small observed flux due to its weak turbulent exchange.     

砂岩侵入体系模拟及形成机理分析

砂岩侵入体系是一种普遍的地质现象,近些年来越来越受到地学界的重视,但对其形成机理探讨较少。作者及研究团队通过设计一套室内模拟实验装置,来简化模拟3层地层结构中砂岩侵入体系的形成和演化过程。在之前模拟实验(实验变量为顶层沉积物的厚度、进水管的结构)结果的基础上,进一步考察了地形坡度对实验结果的影响,并对砂岩侵入体系的形成机理进行了分析。实验过程中,共观察到7种不同形态不同样式的管道,并对实验过程中压力变化进行了测试。对实验结果分析认为:盖层厚度越大,压力下降的速度越慢,越不利于压力的释放;随着实验的继续进行,砂岩侵入体最终会转化为砂岩喷出体并喷出地表;不稳定的地形有利于触发疏松沉积物发生变形。实验表明,超压是砂岩侵入体发生的最重要条件之一, 沉积盆地中的压实不均衡和生烃作用是可独立产生大规模超压的2种主要机制。     

Heavy Oils and Oil Sands: Global Distribution and Resource Assessment

Gl obal recoverable resources of heavy oil and oil sands have been assessed by CNPC using a geology-based assessment method combined with the traditional volumetric method, spatial interpolation method, parametric-probability method etc. The most favourable areas for exploration have been selected in accordance with a comprehensive scoring system. The results show: (1) For geological resources, CNPC estimate 991.18 billion tonnes of heavy oil and 501.26 billion tonnes of oil sands globally, of which technically recoverable resources of heavy oil and oil sands comprise 126.74 billion tonnes and 64.13 billion tonnes respectively. More than 80% of the resources occur within Tertiary and Cretaceous reservoirs distributed across 69 heavy-oil basins and 32 oil-sands basins. 99% of recoverable resources of heavy oil and oil sands occur within foreland basins, passive continental-margin basins and cratonic basins. (2) Since residual hydrocarbon resources remain following large-scale hydrocarbon migration and destruction, heavy oil and oil sands are characterized most commonly by late hydrocarbon accumulation, the same basin types and source-reservoir conditions as for conventional hydrocarbon resources, shallow burial depth and stratabound reservoirs. (3) Three accumulation models are recognised, depending on basin type: degradation along slope; destruction by uplift; and migration along faults. (4) In addition to mature exploration regions such as Canada and Venezuela, the Volga-Ural Basin and the Pre-Caspian Basin are less well-explored and have good potential for oil-sand discoveries, and it is predicted that the Middle East will be an important region for heavy-oil development.     

上海砂土蠕变变形特征的试验研究

采用室内单向压缩试验研究了上海砂土的蠕变变形规律和蠕变机制以及蠕变变形与应力历史的关系。试验结果表明,上海砂土具有明显的非线性蠕变特征,应变与应力、时间的关系可以用幂函数拟合;应力历史对砂土的蠕变性有显著影响,当荷载小于预压荷载时砂土的蠕变性显著减小。上海砂土的蠕变原因主要是砂土颗粒间的相互错动滑移所致。     

Transport rate of calcareous sand in unidirectional flow

This paper examines the transport of calcareous sand in unidirectional flow and its prediction through existing sediment transport models. A flume experiment of four sand samples collected on Oahu, Hawaii, provides 29 sets of sediment transport data in the bed-form and suspended transport stages. The measured transport data are compared with direct predictions from four energy-based transport models developed for siliceous particles. Corrections for the grain-size, fall velocity, and critical velocity of calcareous sand based on recent research are applied to the models and the results are compared with the direct calculations and measured data. The comparison illustrates the important role particle shape plays in the transport of calcareous sand. All four sediment transport models give consistent predictions and good agreement with the majority of the measured data. Two of the models respond positively to the corrections in both the bed-form and suspended transport stages indicating that such an approach may provide an interim solution for the transport of calcareous sand.     

砂土应力路径本构模型的试验验证

建立了砂土应力路径本构模型,揭示了应力路径影响砂土应力-应变关系的本质,在平均应力p变化不大的条件下主要是剪应力比的影响。当使用该模型计算应力-应变关系时,将应力路径线性化,分别计算等平均应力p路径和等应力比 路径上的应变。利用试验对模型所引用的关系式 进行验证,试验结果和 的理论值较为吻合,证明了模型引用关系式 的合理性。并利用模型对复杂路径下砂土的应力-应变关系进行预测,对模型预测与试验结果进行比较,结果表明模型可以合理地考虑复杂应力路径对砂土应力-应变关系的影响。     

不排水循环荷载作用过程中累积孔压对细砂弹性剪切模量Gmax的影响

在土工结构物地震有效应力分析中,往往采用Hardin经验公式计算动荷作用过程中由于孔压变化对砂土初始弹性剪切模量Gmax的影响,但由于以往试验手段的限制,这种方法的有效性至今没有得到验证。为此,采用多功能三轴仪和压电陶瓷弯曲元剪切波速测试系统,研究了不排水循环荷载过程中孔压对细砂Gmax的影响。试验结果表明,细砂Gmax可由 Hardin型经验公式计算,但材料参数应通过试验确定;不排水循环荷载作用过程中,细砂Gmax随孔压上升而降低,其值可由其实际平均有效应力和固结后的孔隙比通过由试验得到的Hardin型经验公式计算。     

珠江三角洲年际潮差长期变化趋势

对20世纪50年代以来珠江三角洲网河内17个主要控制水文站的年际潮差变化趋势进行了显著性检验和突变点分析.通过Trend Free Pre-Whitening方法削除了水文时间序列中的自相关成分,利用非参数的Mann-Kendall检验研究了珠江三角洲年均潮差的变化趋势,指出潮差在珠江三角洲的变化趋势存在着空间变异性.在网河内的中、上游河段,潮差呈现明显的增大趋势,且越往上游,潮差的增大趋势越为显著;而在下游的口门区,由于受到围垦等人类活动影响,大部分站点的潮差表现为显著的下降趋势.Pettitt检验的结果表明,珠江三角洲潮差发生突变的时间段主要在20世纪80年代,这基本与河网内大规模的无序采沙开始的时间是同步的,表明挖沙是引起珠江三角洲内潮差变异的主导因素.潮差显著增大的趋势表明航道网内潮流动力明显增强,这亦是近年来珠江三角洲咸潮频发的机理原因之一.     

鄂尔多斯盆地延长组长6期湖盆中部砂体发育特征

通过对鄂尔多斯盆地延长组长6期湖盆中部地区物源分析、沉积相特征等研究,分析了厚层砂体的形成机理和砂体类型。认为长6期物源主要来自东北、西南方向,发育三角洲前缘水下分流河道、河口坝、远端砂坝和浊流等砂体类型,湖盆演化从鼎盛转向萎缩的长6早期厚层砂体比较发育。白豹、合水地区砂层厚度大,储层条件良好,是石油勘探的有利地区。