基于大视场光学测量设备的多星观测和解算天文经纬度研究

本文提出了一种新的基于大视场光学测量设备和GPS测量点位天文坐标的方法,即测量多个星体方位角相对于主光轴方位角的增量,然后通过非线性最小二乘法解算出点位的天文坐标。采用该方法不仅可以避免讨论大气蒙气差的修正问题,而且能够满足高精度天文坐标的测量要求。     

车载激光点云的道路标线提取及语义关联

自动驾驶技术已成为未来智能交通的发展方向之一,高精度地图为L3级及以上自动驾驶实现高精度定位和路径规划提供先验信息,是自动驾驶车辆传感器在遮挡或观测距离受限情况下的重要补充。道路标线的位置和语义信息,比如实线和虚线的绝对位置是高精度地图的基本组成部分。本文从车载激光点云中提取扫描线,根据道路边缘位置几何形态的突变从扫描线中提取道路路面,在此基础上首先利用反距离加权插值的方法把路面点云图像以一定的分辨率转换为栅格图像,其次利用基于积分图的自适应阈值分割方法把栅格图像转化为二值图像,然后利用欧氏聚类的方法从二值图像中提取标线点云,并利用特征属性筛选的方法对提取的标线点云进行语义识别,最后建立交通标线和交通规则之间的语义关联。     

Threshold of motion of bivalve and gastropod shells under oscillatory flow in flume experiments

The threshold of motion of non-fragmented mollusc shells was studied for the first time under oscillatory flow. In this regard, flume experiments were used to investigate the threshold of motion of three bivalve and three gastropod species, two typical mollusc classes of coastal coquina deposits. The sieve diameters ranged from 2·0 to 15·9 mm. These experiments were performed on a flat-bottom setup under regular non-breaking waves (swell) produced by a flap-type wave generator. The critical Shields values for each species of mollusc were plotted against the sieve and nominal diameter. Moreover, the dimensionless Corey shape factor of the shells was evaluated in order to investigate the effect of mollusc shell shapes on the threshold of motion. According to their critical Shields parameter, the mollusc threshold data under oscillatory flow present smaller values than the siliciclastic sediments when considering their sieve diameter. In addition, the mollusc datasets are below the empirical curves built from siliciclastic grain data under current and waves. When considering the nominal diameter, the critical Shields parameter increases and the mollusc data are closer to siliciclastic sediments. Bivalves, which have a flat-concave shape (form factor: 0·27 to 0·37), have a higher critical Shields parameter for smaller particles and more uniform datasets than the gastropod scattered data, which have a rounded shape (form factor: 0·58 to 0·62) and have varied morphologies (ellipsoidal, conical and cubic). The comparison between previous current-driven threshold data of bioclastic sediment motion and the data of mollusc whole shells under oscillatory flow shows a fair correlation on the Shields diagram, in which all datasets are below the mean empirical curves for siliciclastic sediments. These findings indicate that the shape effect on the transport initiation is predominant for smaller shells. The use of the nominal diameter is satisfactory to improve the bioclastic and siliciclastic data correlation.     

Thresholds for post-wildfire debris flows: Insights from the Pinal Fire,Arizona, USA

Wildfire significantly alters the hydrologic properties of a burned area, leading to increases in overland flow, erosion, and the potential for runoff-generated debris flows. The initiation of debris flows in recently burned areas is well characterized by rainfall intensity-duration (ID) thresholds. However, there is currently a paucity of data quantifying the rainfall intensities required to trigger post-wildfire debris flows, which limits our understanding of how and why rainfall ID thresholds vary in different climatic and geologic settings. In this study, we monitored debris-flow activity following the Pinal Fire in central Arizona, which differs from both a climatic and hydrogeomorphic perspective from other regions in the western United States where ID thresholds for post-wildfire debris flows are well established, namely the Transverse Ranges of southern California. Since the peak rainfall intensity within a rainstorm may exceed the rainfall intensity required to trigger a debris flow, the development of robust rainfall ID thresholds requires knowledge of the timing of debris flows within rainstorms. Existing post-wildfire debris-flow studies in Arizona only constrain the peak rainfall intensity within debris-flow-producing storms, which may far exceed the intensity that actually triggered the observed debris flow. In this study, we used pressure transducers within five burned drainage basins to constrain the timing of debris flows within rainstorms. Rainfall ID thresholds derived here from triggering rainfall intensities are, on average, 22 mm h⁻¹ lower than ID thresholds derived under the assumption that the triggering intensity is equal to the maximum rainfall intensity recorded during a rainstorm. We then use a hydrologic model to demonstrate that the magnitude of the 15-min rainfall ID threshold at the Pinal Fire site is associated with the rainfall intensity required to exceed a recently proposed dimensionless discharge threshold for debris-flow initiation. Model results further suggest that previously observed differences in regional ID thresholds between Arizona and the San Gabriel Mountains of southern California may be attributed, in large part, to differences in the hydraulic properties of burned soils. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The effect of long-term aerial exposure on intertidal mudflat erodibility

Intertidal zones by definition are exposed to air at low tide, and the exposure duration can be weeks (e.g. during neap tides) depending on water level and bed elevation. Here we investigated the effect of varying exposure duration (6 h to 10 days) on intertidal mudflat erosion (measured using the EROMES device), where the effects of water content and biofilm biomass (using chlorophyll-a content as a proxy, Chl-a μg g⁻¹) were taken into account. Sediments were collected between spring and summer (in October 2018, January 2019 and February 2019) from an intertidal site in the Firth of Thames, New Zealand. Longer exposure duration resulted in more stable sediments [higher erosion threshold (Ƭ_cr, N m⁻²) and lower erosion rate (ER, g m⁻² s⁻¹)]. After 10 days, exposure increased Ƭ_cr by 1.7 to 4.4 times and decreased ER by 11.6 to 21.5 times compared with 6 h of exposure. Chl-a and water content changed with exposure duration and were significantly correlated with changes in Ƭ_cr and ER. The stability of sediments after two re-submersion periods following exposure was also examined and showed that the stabilizing effect of exposure persisted even though water content had increased to non-exposure levels. Re-submersion was associated with an increase in Chl-a content, which likely counteracted the destabilizing influence of increased water content. A site-specific model, which included the interplay between evaporation and biofilm biomass, was developed to predict water content as a function of exposure duration. The modelled water content (W_Mod.) explained 98% of the observed variation in water content (W_Obs.). These results highlight how the exposure period can cause subtle changes to erosion regimes of sediments. An understanding of these effects (e.g. in sediment transport modelling) is critical to predicting the resilience of intertidal zones into the future, when sea-level rise is believed to exacerbate erosion in low-lying areas. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Dynamics and driving mechanisms of asymmetric human water consumption during alternating wet and dry periods

Increases in human water consumption (HWC) and consequent degradation of the ecological environment are common in arid regions. Understanding the mechanisms behind these processes is important for sustainable development. Analyses of changes in HWC between alternating wet and dry periods are carried out in four arid inland basins in Central Asia and China (Syr Darya, Tarim, Heihe and Shulehe river basins). Based on runoff records, the presence of an asymmetric HWC response is proved (p < 0.01), with an increase in HWC during wet periods and a muted decrease during subsequent dry periods. This behaviour is interpreted by invoking theories from behavioural economics at the individual and community levels. A simple model based on these theories is shown to be able to reproduce the observed dynamics and is used to discuss the importance of strengthening institutional factors for water sustainability.     

元谋地电场观测数据小波阈值去噪

为了解决元谋地电场观测数据的噪声干扰问题,采用小波阈值去噪的方法,根据元谋地电场观测数据特征,选取适当的阈值及不同的小波函数、分解层数进行研究。综合各小波函数去噪效果,通过对相对误差、均方根误差、信噪比等指标进行评价,确定适合元谋地电场观测数据去噪的阈值为软阈值函数、分层阈值;最优小波函数分别为Sym4、Sym5、db6和db8;分解层数分别为5、7、9。最后应用研究结果处理实际地电场观测数据,取得了较好的去噪效果。     

基于三维激光扫描的堆积体滑坡变形机理及阈值模型试验研究

为分析白龙江流域舟曲段江顶崖滑坡的变形演化机理及其阈值,设计降雨条件下的大型堆积体滑坡物理模型试验,采用FARO FocusS 350三维激光扫描仪进行滑坡数据采集、处理,获取滑坡在不同降雨工况的点云模型数据,对比分析不同降雨工况下滑坡宏观及局部特征点的变化情况。研究表明：滑坡模型表面出现持续、快速、变化鲜明的整体变形特征,伴随出现滑坡模型中、前部横向、纵向的张拉裂缝,表明在非饱和渗流影响下,堆积体滑坡模型的基质吸力降低、孔隙水压力以及滑坡体重力荷载增加,导致滑坡模型临近失稳;根据滑坡模型宏观变形情况,其变形演化过程可划分为：初始变形阶段、等速变形阶段和加速变形阶段,3个不同变形阶段坡体宏观变形各自有其特点。通过对试验阶段的变形特征分析,设立了滑坡变形速率阈值,分别为0.01 m/h、0.02 m/h、0.2 m/h。基于三维激光扫描技术坡体监测,结合坡体变形宏观和局部分析的优势,在保证高精度监测、采集、处理的同时,得到坡体的整体变形和位移。     

Sediment transport by overland flow over an area of net deposition

Flume studies were conducted in order to evaluate the influence of slope, sediment size, discharge and inflow sediment concentration on sediment deposition by overland flow. Additionally, experiments were carried out to measure transport capacity of overland flow at low slopes, using a wide range of discharges. The experimental data show that the hydraulic conditions where net deposition occurs can be divided into two domains. The first domain is characterized by hydraulic conditions where transport capacity is not significant. In the second domain net deposition still occurs but transport capacity is significant. The size of the latter domain is dependent on the sediment size distribution, on the hydraulic roughness and on the inflow sediment concentration. The experiments clearly indicate the necessity of incorporating a threshold value in any deposition equation. These experiments demonstrate that shear stress is a valuable threshold for deposition modelling. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

载波相位测量在高精度导航信号监测接收数据处理中的应用

在GPS广域差分系统中,参考站需要进行高精度导航信号监测接收,并获得良好的伪距观测数据。载波相位测量由于其测量精度高且观测噪声小,因此在伪距观测数据处理方面,发挥了重要作用。介绍了载波相位测量在高精度导航监测接收的伪距观测数据处理方面的具体应用,提出了一种综合利用三频电离层残差和裁波相位变化率,来实时可靠地检验并修复周跳的方法。