基于加权Voronoi图的北京市湿地功能分区研究

湿地功能分区是城市湿地生态系统健康恢复、管理改善,以及资源可持续利用的重要前提。本文以北京湿地为例,利用客观赋权的主成分分析法对湿地生态服务功能进行综合评价;并结合空间分析中的Voronoi图空间分区方法,通过利用牛顿-断裂点模型确定属性权重的主要步骤,构建基于加权Voronoi图的城市湿地功能分区模型,开展"自下而上"定量化的北京湿地功能分区研究。结果表明:(1)北京湿地功能综合评价中,密云水库湿地的功能综合值最大,表明该湿地生态服务功能作用最重要。(2)北京湿地功能分区分为三级框架,其中包括4个一级核心湿地功能区、15个二级核心湿地功能区、43个三级核心湿地单元。(3)湿地资源功能价值量与湿地斑块空间关系的相结合,实现了属性和空间双重距离约束的湿地功能分区,促进了湿地生态系统服务价值评估在决策管理中的深入应用,为城市湿地功能区划提供技术支持。     

Are Speed Restriction Zones an effective management tool for minimising impacts of boats on dolphins in an Australian marine park?

The small, genetically distinct population of Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops aduncus) in Port Stephens, New South Wales (NSW), is the target of the largest dolphin-watching industry in Australia and falls within the recently created Port Stephens—Great Lakes Marine Park. The effectiveness of Speed Restriction Zones (SRZs) as a management tool in this area was investigated during their second year of implementation by comparing dolphin usage and behaviour to adjacent Control Zones (CZs) of similar habitat. For this purpose, boat-based surveys and focal follows of dolphin groups were carried out in the zones between August 2008 and August 2009. Results showed that SRZs were more intensely used by dolphin-watching boats in summer. There was no change in dolphins’ behaviour and group structure in the presence of dolphin-watching boats in SRZs when compared to dolphin groups within CZs in any season. Dolphin groups including calves used SRZs less during summer. The latter may indicate a shift in area utilisation for those groups during intense boat traffic by dolphin-watching operators. CZs were more important than SRZs as foraging grounds for dolphins in summer. This indicates that SRZs as specified are not effective at minimising boating impacts and that the location of these zones should in time be revised. This is important information for management of dolphin-watching within this marine park and an example of adaptive management in progress. Moreover these results are relevant for conservation of dolphins and the management of dolphin-watching industries elsewhere, particularly new industries, where management strategies may incorporate marine protected areas including zoning plans.     

基于PSR模型的滨海湿地生态系统健康评价——以辽河三角洲滨海湿地为例

以PSR评价模型为基础,选取人口、经济、环境、资源开发、政策法规和管理决策等指标,诊断和评估滨海湿地生态系统在湿地开发和环境污染等一系列人类活动干扰下的健康现状,将健康等级分为优、良好、一般、较差和极差等5级.结果表明,辽河三角洲滨海湿地生态系统健康状态一般,由于过度的围垦开发,自然湿地面积在1988～2007年间减少了11 072 hm2,其中,碱蓬湿地减少了75%(2 440 hm2),而水产养殖场增加了182%(9 359 hm2).流域及沿岸的工农业排污致使评价区域内水体污染较严重,COD、TIN、活性磷酸盐和Pb的含量分别达到3.06 mg/dm3、795.45、44.01和6.46μg/dm3,普遍为四类或劣四类水质.环境的恶化,导致碱蓬、芦苇湿地面积萎缩,鸟类种类和数量不断减少,底栖生物多样性降低.并据此提出了辽河三角洲滨海湿地的管理与保护措施.     

苏北海滨湿地互花米草地上生物量动态

在江苏盐城新洋港滩涂由海向陆建立样地:零星米草斑块(SAP)、稳定米草滩下边缘(SAFI)、2003年米草定居处(SAF03)、1989年米草定居处(SAF89),对互花米草(Spartina alterniflora)的生物量动态变化进行了研究。结果表明:1)除SAF03样地外,其他样地互花米草叶生物量随时间的推移都有不同程度的减少,SAF03叶生物量始终都显著高于其他样地(P<0.05);各样地茎和繁殖器官生物量均有所增加,繁殖前期SAFI处茎生物量增长最快,达18.97g.m2.d-1;离海越近繁殖器官生物量增加越大;11月份SAF89样地各器官生物量顺序为:叶>茎>繁殖器官,其他样地:茎>叶>繁殖器官。2)各次调查中,随着时间的推移各样地叶生物量分配减少,而茎生物量与繁殖器官生物量分配增多;由陆向海各样地叶生物量分配减少,而茎生物量与繁殖器官生物量分配增加。3)SAFI处互花米草地下/地上生物量的比值为2.39,极显著高于其他样地(P<0.01)。     

东日本自然湿地的土壤反硝化

地表水和地下水中硝酸盐污染已成为重要的环境问题之一。随着对全球变暖的贡献增加,N2O（氧化亚氮）也得到IPCC越来越多的关注。反硝化在水生生态系统氮循环过程中起着极为重要的作用。反硝化过程中,厌氧细菌将硝酸盐转化成可溶性亚硝酸盐,最终以N2形式排放到大气。为理解自然湿地生态系统的脱氮机理,以日本千叶县的越智小流域为例开展研究。沿地下水流动方向取原状土,包括2个非饱和带点和2个饱和带点。用乙炔抑制法和带ECD检测器的气相色谱仪于0, 2, 6, 12, 24h测定土壤反硝化能力。同时分析土壤全碳、全氮和反硝化细菌。结果发现,饱和带的反硝化能力高于非饱和带。乙炔抑制后,N2O排放从0-1.17 g Nm-2h-1,前6h增至最大,随后降低。     

梅州城市湿地外来入侵植物现状及防治对策

通过实地调查和文献检索,对梅州城市湿地外来入侵植物的组成、生活型、危害程度、原产地、入侵途径等进行了分析。结果表明：梅州城市湿地主要外来入侵植物有16科29属33种,其中菊科植物的数量最多,占入侵植物总数的27.3%;生活型以草本植物为主;有10种入侵植物给当地生态环境带来严重危害;原产地以美洲为主;引入途径主要以人为有意或无意引入为主。在分析城市湿地外来入侵植物现状的基础上,提出了建立入侵植物生态风险评估系统、加强入境检疫、加强地区合作、提高公众防范意识、有效防控和变害为宝等对策,为城市生态及经济的可持续发展提供参考。     

南京长江新济洲群湿地保护与恢复规划设计

以南京长江新济洲群湿地为例,分析了在长江中下游开展洲滩湿地生态恢复的重要意义和必要性,在分析了南京长江新济洲群湿地退化现状及其驱动因素的基础上,对其保护和恢复规划设计进行了探讨,希望为长江中下游洲滩湿地的保护和生态恢复提供思路和借鉴。     

The resilience and sustainability of local wetland management institutions in Illubabor and Western Wellega,Ethiopia

Local community based institutions that coordinate the management of natural resources have been linked to socioecological resilience, adaptation and sustainability within rural livelihood systems throughout the developing world. The resilience and sustainability of related local institutions, however, is influenced by their relationship with external actors and institutions, particularly in facilitating, supporting or hindering local institutional arrangements. From this standpoint, this paper examines the case of local community based institutions involved in wetland management in western Ethiopia. Drawing upon the findings of participatory fieldwork undertaken in eight wetland‐using communities of Illubabor and Western Wellega zones in Oromia Region it is argued that although local institutions do play a key role in coordinating wetland management and sustaining the benefits from wetlands, the sustainability and resilience of the institutions themselves is threatened by a range of factors. Despite their grassroots nature, their effectiveness is influenced by their reliance on local government backstopping that appears to have diminished in recent years, as well as a perceived lack of local government support for collective action over individual rights.     

青海玉树隆宝高寒湿地近地面能量收支状况研究

基于青海玉树隆宝湿地2011年10月-2012年9月气象观测数据, 利用组合法计算其近地面的感热通量和潜热通量, 进而分析近地面能量收支状况. 结果表明: 隆宝湿地太阳辐射资源充足, 达6 770.8 MJ·m^-2, 受积雪影响, 冬季日反射率最高可达0.93; 11月和12月地面吸收的90%以上短波能量以辐射形式传给大气, 而6月份则不到30%. 地面全年以净辐射和土壤热通量吸收能量, 其中, 77%以潜热形式支出, 23%以感热形式支出, 但各月能量收支特征与之有所不同.