Potential of marble dust to stabilise red tropical soils for road construction

The potential of marble dust as a stabilizing additive to red tropical soils was evaluated. The evaluation involved the determination of the geotechnical properties of three different red tropical soils in their natural state as well as when mixed with varying proportions of marble dust. The parameters tested included the particle size distribution, specific gravity, Atterberg limits, the standard compaction characteristics, the compressive strength and the California bearing ratio (CBR). The strength tests were repeated after normal 28 day curing of the treated samples and also after accelerated 24 h curing at temperatures of 40°C, 60°C and 80°C.

Results showed that the geotechnical parameters of red tropical soils are improved substantially by the addition of marble dust; plasticity was reduced by 20 to 33% and strength and CBR increased by 30 to 46% and 27 to 55% respectively. The highest strength and CBR values were achieved at 8% marble dust. Results also showed that normal 28 day curing improved the strength of the marble dust-treated soil with over 80% strength gain achieved after 7 to 10 days of normal curing. Higher strength development was realised following accelerated 24 h curing at 60°C.

Although these results imply marked improvement in the geotechnical parameters of red tropical soils, the higher strength developed is not enough for the improved soil to be used as a base material in the construction of heavily trafficked flexible pavements. The improved material may, however, be successfully used as base material for lightly trafficked roads and as a sub-base material for heavily trafficked roads.     

深埋长隧道TBM施工关键问题探讨

针对深埋长隧道开挖所面临的高水压、高地压、高地温、大变形、难支护等问题,分析总结传统钻爆法开挖与支护技术、全断面隧道掘进机（TBM）施工技术、TBM导洞扩挖技术应用中的优劣,TBM导洞扩挖法为深埋长隧道开挖提供了新的设计思路。由于深埋长隧道的建设环境与浅埋隧道建设环境存在显著差异,TBM施工将面临3个关键问题--岩爆问题、卡盾（大变形）问题和未准确探测前方地质而发生的施工事故（涌水、突泥等）。为揭示TBM施工过程中卡盾的存在性,分别针对某一特定地质条件下深埋软、硬岩TBM施工进行理论分析和数值模拟研究。结果表明,软岩地层TBM施工发生卡盾,而硬岩完整地层TBM施工未发生卡盾。     

不同覆盖措施对高寒地区剥离的草皮块堆放温湿度及成活的影响

重大工程建设会扰动高寒草地,法规要求扰动区草皮层应予以剥离,待工程建设后再用于恢复原生植被,当前对剥离草皮堆放成活的影响研究较少。试验设计遮阳网与穿孔膜两种覆盖条件,探讨分析其对剥离的草皮块堆放与铺植利用后土壤温湿度及草皮块返青覆盖度的影响,研究结果表明：遮阳网覆盖堆体较自然地表日均土壤温度显著降低,同时各深度层极大延长冻结期,降水对土壤水分的补充效应延后,并造成堆放期水分大量损失;穿孔膜覆盖堆体较自然地表提高了土壤温度,阻碍了降水对土壤水分的补充,并造成堆放后土壤吸持水能力降低。遮阳网覆盖的草皮块返青覆盖度显著高于穿孔膜覆盖的返青覆盖度,堆放期日平均土壤温度>0 ℃的堆放日数与草皮块返青覆盖度的线性拟合较好。工程建设中应尽量缩短堆放时长,采用透水透气类覆盖材料,增加土壤与空气热量交换,以维持更长的冻结期,并适时补充水分,提高草皮块铺植的恢复成效。     

废弃泥浆底部真空−上部堆载预压模型试验研究

针对工程泥浆回填废弃矿坑处置的安全问题,开展底部真空和上部堆载预压处理废弃工程泥浆的模型试验,探讨该技术在废弃矿坑回填处置工程应用的可行性。试验结果表明,底部真空和上部堆载预压使得泥浆含水率显著降低及泥土的强度明显提高,处理一个月后,含水率从初始450%降低至95%～105%,体积减量达到73.4%;不排水强度由初始为0的状态提高至9.8～13.4 kPa。在初始的静置阶段,泥浆颗粒沉积存在重力分异现象,粗颗粒在底部沉积有助于缓解真空预压过程中淤堵问题。底部真空作用下,泥浆中孔隙水渗流方向并非完全一维向下,在径向存在水力梯度。处理后泥土压缩性与软土相近,渗透性优于软土。基于试验结果和大应变固结理论,考虑泥浆的自重固结以及压缩性与渗透性的非线性变化,利用有限差分法分析了单次回填厚度对泥浆层固结时间和减量效果的影响,提出了现场实施的工艺参数建议。     

弹黏塑性模型及其在预压处理软基沉降计算中的应用

以准确计算预压荷载作用下软土路基的工后沉降为目的,分析了不同预压法加固软土地基时土体的应力变化。提出了用弱化应力路径变化过程的弹黏塑性模型表示软黏土的应力-应变关系。结合经典比奥固结理论,推导了预压荷载作用下土体沉降计算的有限单元法。通过具体算例,验证了所提方法。结果表明：（1）不同预压方法的加固机制和应力路径均不相同。堆载预压法加固软基是一不等向的正压固结过程,真空预压法则是在负压作用下的等向固结过程;（2）弹黏塑性模型是不受瞬时施加应力的大小及具体应力路径变化过程影响的软土流变模型,运用于预压荷载作用下的软基时具有不考虑应力路径和不划分主次固结的优越性;（3）在比奥固结理论中,用弹黏塑性模型反映软土的物理方程时,可计算软基考虑了弹黏塑变形性质的固结沉降和工后沉降;（4）弹黏塑性模型的软土体黏性参数? /V和塑性参数? /V对竖向位移都有比较明显的影响。     

Impact of climate change on wetland ecosystems: A critical review of experimental wetlands

Climate change is identified as a major threat to wetlands. Altered hydrology and rising temperature can change the biogeochemistry and function of a wetland to the degree that some important services might be turned into disservices. This means that they will, for example, no longer provide a water purification service and adversely they may start to decompose and release nutrients to the surface water. Moreover, a higher rate of decomposition than primary production (photosynthesis) may lead to a shift of their function from being a sink of carbon to a source. This review paper assesses the potential response of natural wetlands (peatlands) and constructed wetlands to climate change in terms of gas emission and nutrients release. In addition, the impact of key climatic factors such as temperature and water availability on wetlands has been reviewed. The authors identified the methodological gaps and weaknesses in the literature and then introduced a new framework for conducting a comprehensive mesocosm experiment to address the existing gaps in literature to support future climate change research on wetland ecosystems. In the future, higher temperatures resulting in drought might shift the role of both constructed wetland and peatland from a sink to a source of carbon. However, higher temperatures accompanied by more precipitation can promote photosynthesis to a degree that might exceed the respiration and maintain the carbon sink role of the wetland. There might be a critical water level at which the wetland can preserve most of its services. In order to find that level, a study of the key factors of climate change and their interactions using an appropriate experimental method is necessary. Some contradictory results of past experiments can be associated with different methodologies, designs, time periods, climates, and natural variability. Hence a long-term simulation of climate change for wetlands according to the proposed framework is recommended. This framework provides relatively more accurate and realistic simulations, valid comparative results, comprehensive understanding and supports coordination between researchers. This can help to find a sustainable management strategy for wetlands to be resilient to climate change.     

秦皇岛地区滨海湿地类型及其生态脆弱性

泰皇岛地区滨海湿地是我国最具代表性的沙质海岸湿地分布区,主要湿地类型为沙质海岸湿地、岩石性海岸湿地、河口湿地、泻湖湿地、浅海水域和人工湿地．受自然和人为因素的综合影响,滨海湿地生态束皖具有明显的脆弱性,主要表现为湿地植被自然演变缓慢、淡水供蛤量严重不足、海岸侵蚀日趋严重、人工围垦导致大面积自然湿地消失以及环境污染等几个方面．滨海湿地生态脆弱性与人类活动密切相关,合理调控人类干扰活动是促使湿地脆弱生态束皖向良性和狍定方向发展的关键．     

海南省基础地理信息数据库设计与建库

简单介绍了海南省基础地理信息数据库的物理设计和逻辑设计,包括数字线划图数据库、数字正射影像数据库、数字高程模型数据库、地名数据库以及元数据库五个子库的逻辑设计,以及数据库建库的步骤,包括数据入库前检查,数据库结构设计和数据入库。     

Study of Panjin wetlands along Bohai coast (II): Ecological water requirement of Shuangtaizi estuarine wetland

Shuangtaizi estuarine wetland along the Bohai Sea coast, the biggest bulrush wetland in the world, has been listed in ‘The Record of Important International Wetland Conservation District’. Taking the year of 2 000 as an example, the minimum, the most suitable and the maximum ecological water requirement of Shuangtaizi estuarine wetland are calculated in this paper based on both ecological theory and Geological Information System technology. In addition, the remote sensing technique is adopted in the data acquisition process. Moreover, the total water requirement and the unit area water requirement for different wetland types are obtained. The result is very important for water resources planning, ecological conservation and regional agriculture structure adjustment in Shuangtaizi. Meanwhile, this study can serve as a useful example for calculating the ecological water requirement in other similar estuarine wetlands.     

Landscape ecological construction and biodiversity protection

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